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Amobizole Actions |
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Pharmacology: Amobizole is a synthetic antibacterial compound. Disposition of Amobizole in the body is similar for both oral and intravenous dosage forms, with an average elimination half-life in healthy humans of eight hours.
The major route of elimination of Amobizole and its metabolites is via the urine (60-80% of the dose), with fecal excretion accounting for 6-15% of the dose. The metabolites that appear in the urine result primarily from side-chain oxidation [1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-yl-acetic acid] and glucuronide conjugation, with unchanged Amobizole accounting for approximately 20% of the total. Renal clearance of Amobizole is approximately 10 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Amobizole is the major component appearing in the plasma, with lesser quantities of the 2-hydroxymethyl metabolite also being present. Less than 20% of the circulating Amobizole is bound to plasma proteins. Both the parent compound and the metabolite possess in vitro bactericidal activity against most strains of anaerobic bacteria.
Amobizole appears in cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and breast milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma. Bactericidal concentrations of Amobizole have also been detected in pus from hepatic abscesses.
Plasma concentration of Amobizole are proportional to the administered dose. An eight hour intravenous infusion of 100-4,000 mg of Amobizole in normal subjects showed a linear relationship between dose and peak plasma concentration.
In patients treated with intravenous Amobizole, using a dosing regimen of 15 mg/kg loading dose followed six hours later by 7.5 mg/kg every six hours, peak steady-state plasma concentrations of Amobizole averaged 25 mcg/mL with trough (minimum) concentrations averaging 18 mcg/mL.
Decreased renal function does not alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of Amobizole. However, plasma clearance of Amobizole is decreased in patients with decreased liver function.
In one study newborn infants appeared to demonstrate diminished capacity to eliminate Amobizole. The elimination half-life, measured during the first three days of life, was inversely related to gestational age. In infants whose gestational ages were between 28 and 40 weeks, the corresponding elimination half-lives ranged from 10.9 to 22.5 hours.
Microbiology: Amobizole is active in vitro against most obligate anaerobes, but does not appear to possess any clinically relevant activity against facultative anaerobes or obligate aerobes. Against susceptible organisms, Amobizole is generally bactericidal at concentrations equal to or slightly higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Amobizole has been shown to have in vitro and clinical activity against the following organisms: Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli, Including: Bacteroides species, including the Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus), Fusobacterium species.
Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli, Including: Clostridium species and susceptible strains of Eubacterium.
Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci, Including: Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species.
Do not use Amobizole in or near the eyes. Watering of the eyes may occur when the medicine is used too close to the eyes.
If Amobizole does get into your eyes, wash them out immediately, but carefully, with large amounts of cool tap water. If your eyes still burn or are painful, check with your doctor.
Before applying Amobizole, thoroughly wash the affected area(s) with a mild, nonirritating cleanser, rinse well, and gently pat dry.
To use:
To help keep your rosacea under control, keep using Amobizole for the full time of treatment. You may have to continue using Amobizole every day for 9 weeks or longer. Do not miss any doses.
The dose of Amobizole will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Amobizole. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
If you miss a dose of Amobizole, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
Take the extended-release Amobizole tablet (Amobizole) on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating a meal.
Do not crush, chew, or break an extended-release tablet. Swallow it whole. Breaking the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.
Take this medication for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Amobizole will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.
To be sure this medication is not causing harmful effects, your blood may need to be tested often. Your liver function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.
This medication can cause unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Amobizole.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Normal Subjects:
Following a single, intravaginal 5 gram dose of Amobizole Vaginal Gel (equivalent to 37.5 mg of Amobizole) to 12 normal subjects, a mean maximum serum Amobizole concentration of 237 ng/mL was reported (range: 152 to 368 ng/mL). This is approximately 2% of the mean maximum serum Amobizole concentration reported in the same subjects administered a single, oral 500 mg dose of Amobizole (mean Cmax = 12,785 ng/mL, range: 10,013 to 17,400 ng/mL). These peak concentrations were obtained in 6 to 12 hours after dosing with Amobizole Vaginal Gel and 1 to 3 hours after dosing with oral Amobizole.
The extent of exposure [area under the curve (AUC)] of Amobizole, when administered as a single intravaginal 5 gram dose of Amobizole Vaginal Gel (equivalent to 37.5 mg of Amobizole), was approximately 4% of the AUC of a single oral 500 mg dose of Amobizole (4977 ng-hr/mL and approximately 125,000 ng-hr/mL, respectively).
Dose-adjusted comparisons of AUCs demonstrated that, on a mg to mg comparison basis, the absorption of Amobizole, when administered vaginally, was approximately half that of an equivalent oral dosage.
Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis:
Following single and multiple 5 gram doses of Amobizole Vaginal Gel to 4 patients with bacterial vaginosis, a mean maximum serum Amobizole concentration of 214 ng/mL on day 1 and 294 ng/mL (range: 228 to 349 ng/mL) on day five were reported. Steady state Amobizole serum concentrations following oral dosages of 400 to 500 mg BID have been reported to range from 6,000 to 20,000 ng/mL.
Microbiology:
The intracellular targets of action of Amobizole on anaerobes are largely unknown. The 5-nitro group of Amobizole is reduced by metabolically active anaerobes, and studies have demonstrated that the reduced form of the drug interacts with bacterial DNA. However, it is not clear whether interaction with DNA alone is an important component in the bactericidal action of Amobizole on anaerobic organisms.
Culture and sensitivity testing of bacteria are not routinely performed to establish the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.
Standard methodology for the susceptibility testing of the potential bacterial vaginosis pathogens, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp., and Mycoplasma hominis, has not been defined. Nonetheless, Amobizole is an antimicrobial agent active in vitro against most strains of the following organisms that have been reported to be associated with bacterial vaginosis:
Bacteroides spp.
Gardnerella vaginalis
Mobiluncus spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.
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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology
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