The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
Pharmacology:Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action:
Topical corticosteroids act as anti-inflammatory agents via multiple mechanisms to inhibit late phase allergic reactions including decreasing the density of mast cells, decreasing chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils, decreasing cytokine production by lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells and eosinophils and inhibiting the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
Pharmacodynamic Effects:
Topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption:
Topical corticosteroids can be systemically absorbed from intact healthy skin. The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors, including the vehicle and the integrity of the epidermal barrier. Occlusion, inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin may also increase percutaneous absorption.
Distribution: The use of pharmacodynamic endpoints for assessing the systemic exposure of topical corticosteroids is necessary because circulating levels are well below the level of detection.
Metabolism: Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. They are metabolised, primarily in the liver.
Elimination:
Topical corticosteroids are excreted by the kidneys. In addition, some corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted in the bile.
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Carcinogenesis: Long-term animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Betamethasone Valerate.
Genotoxicity: No specific studies have been conducted to investigate the genotoxic potential of Betamethasone Valerate.
Fertility: The effect on fertility of Betamethasone Valerate has not been evaluated in animals.
Pregnancy: Subcutaneous administration of Betamethasone Valerate to mice or rats at doses ≥0.1 mg/kg/day or rabbits at doses ≥12 mcg/kg/day during pregnancy produced foetal abnormalities including cleft palate.
How should I take Betamethasone Valerate?
It is very important that you use Betamethasone Valerate only as directed by your doctor. Do not use more of it, do not use it more often, and do not use it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may cause unwanted side effects or skin irritation.
Betamethasone Valerate is for use on the skin only. Do not get it in your eyes. Do not use it on skin areas that have cuts, scrapes, or burns. If it does get on these areas, rinse it off right away with water.
Betamethasone Valerate should only be used for skin conditions that your doctor is treating. Check with your doctor before using it for other conditions, especially if you think that an infection may be present. Betamethasone Valerate should not be used to treat certain kinds of skin infections or conditions, such as severe burns.
To use cream, lotion, or ointment:
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using Betamethasone Valerate.
Apply a thin layer of Betamethasone Valerate to the affected area of the skin. Rub it in gently.
With the lotion, protect the skin from water, clothing, or anything that causes rubbing until the medicine has dried. Also, shake the lotion well before using it.
Do not bandage or otherwise wrap the skin being treated unless directed to do so by your doctor.
If the medicine is applied to the diaper area of an infant, do not use tight-fitting diapers or plastic pants unless directed to do so by your doctor.
If your doctor ordered an occlusive dressing or airtight covering to be applied over the medicine, make sure you know how to apply it. Occlusive dressings increase the amount of medicine absorbed through your skin, so use them only as directed. If you have any questions about this, check with your doctor.
To use the foam:
Betamethasone Valerate comes with a patient information insert. Read and follow the instructions carefully.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using Betamethasone Valerate.
Turn the can upside down and place a small amount of medicine in a saucer or any cool, clean surface. Do not put the foam directly in your hands. This will melt the foam immediately upon contact with warm skin.
Move the hair away and put a small amount of the foam on the affected areas of the scalp. Massage it in gently until the medicine has dried.
Do not wash or rinse the treated areas immediately after applying the medicine.
Do not use Betamethasone Valerate near heat, open flame, or while smoking.
Dosing
The dose of Betamethasone Valerate will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Betamethasone Valerate. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For redness, itching, and swelling of the skin:
For topical dosage forms (cream and ointment):
Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin one to three times per day.
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
For topical dosage form (lotion):
Adults—Apply a few drops to the affected area of the skin two times per day (morning and evening).
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
For scalp problems:
For topical dosage form (foam):
Adults—Apply to the affected area of the scalp two times per day (once in the morning and once at night).
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of Betamethasone Valerate, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Store the can of the foam at room temperature, away from heat and direct light. Do not freeze. Do not keep Betamethasone Valerate inside a car where it could be exposed to extreme heat or cold. Do not poke holes in the canister or throw it into a fire, even if the canister is empty.
Betamethasone Valerate administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Take this medication exactly as it was prescribed for you. Do not take the medication in larger amounts, or take it for longer than recommended by your doctor. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results from this medication.
Your steroid medication needs may change if you have unusual stress such as a serious illness, fever or infection, or if you have surgery or a medical emergency. Tell your doctor about any such situation that affects you.
Measure the liquid form of Betamethasone Valerate with a special dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
This medication can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Betamethasone Valerate.
Do not stop using Betamethasone Valerate suddenly, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor about how to avoid withdrawal symptoms when stopping the medication.
Carry an ID card or wear a medical alert bracelet stating that you are taking a steroid, in case of emergency. Any doctor, dentist, or emergency medical care provider who treats you should know that you are taking steroid medication.
Store Betamethasone Valerate at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Betamethasone Valerate pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Betamethasone Valerate as a topical corticosteroid, has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive actions.
The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity of the topical corticosteroids are unclear. Various laboratory methods, including vasoconstrictor assay, are used to compare and predict potencies and/or clinical efficacies of the topical corticosteroids. There is some evidence to suggest that a recognizable correlation exists between vasoconstrictor potency and therapeutic efficacy in man.
Pharmacokinetics
The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors including the vehicle, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and the use of occlusive dressings.
Betamethasone Valerate can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption. Occlusive dressings substantially increase the percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids. Thus, occlusive dressings may be a valuable therapeutic adjunct for treatment of resistant dermatoses.
Once absorbed through the skin, Betamethasone Valerate is handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. They are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys. Some of the topical corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted into the bile.
References
DailyMed. "BETAMETHASONE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Betamethasone: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
EPA DSStox. "Betamethasone: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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