The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
Pharmacology:Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action:
Topical corticosteroids act as anti-inflammatory agents via multiple mechanisms to inhibit late phase allergic reactions including decreasing the density of mast cells, decreasing chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils, decreasing cytokine production by lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells and eosinophils and inhibiting the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
Pharmacodynamic Effects:
Topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption:
Topical corticosteroids can be systemically absorbed from intact healthy skin. The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors, including the vehicle and the integrity of the epidermal barrier. Occlusion, inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin may also increase percutaneous absorption.
Distribution: The use of pharmacodynamic endpoints for assessing the systemic exposure of topical corticosteroids is necessary because circulating levels are well below the level of detection.
Metabolism: Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. They are metabolised, primarily in the liver.
Elimination:
Topical corticosteroids are excreted by the kidneys. In addition, some corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted in the bile.
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Carcinogenesis: Long-term animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of betamethasone valerate.
Genotoxicity: No specific studies have been conducted to investigate the genotoxic potential of betamethasone valerate.
Fertility: The effect on fertility of betamethasone valerate has not been evaluated in animals.
Pregnancy: Subcutaneous administration of betamethasone valerate to mice or rats at doses ≥0.1 mg/kg/day or rabbits at doses ≥12 mcg/kg/day during pregnancy produced foetal abnormalities including cleft palate.
How should I take Betamethasone valerate?
It is very important that you use betamethasone valerate only as directed by your doctor. Do not use more of it, do not use it more often, and do not use it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may cause unwanted side effects or skin irritation.
betamethasone valerate is for use on the skin only. Do not get it in your eyes. Do not use it on skin areas that have cuts, scrapes, or burns. If it does get on these areas, rinse it off right away with water.
betamethasone valerate should only be used for skin conditions that your doctor is treating. Check with your doctor before using it for other conditions, especially if you think that an infection may be present. betamethasone valerate should not be used to treat certain kinds of skin infections or conditions, such as severe burns.
To use cream, lotion, or ointment:
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using betamethasone valerate.
Apply a thin layer of betamethasone valerate to the affected area of the skin. Rub it in gently.
With the lotion, protect the skin from water, clothing, or anything that causes rubbing until the medicine has dried. Also, shake the lotion well before using it.
Do not bandage or otherwise wrap the skin being treated unless directed to do so by your doctor.
If the medicine is applied to the diaper area of an infant, do not use tight-fitting diapers or plastic pants unless directed to do so by your doctor.
If your doctor ordered an occlusive dressing or airtight covering to be applied over the medicine, make sure you know how to apply it. Occlusive dressings increase the amount of medicine absorbed through your skin, so use them only as directed. If you have any questions about this, check with your doctor.
To use the foam:
betamethasone valerate comes with a patient information insert. Read and follow the instructions carefully.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using betamethasone valerate.
Turn the can upside down and place a small amount of medicine in a saucer or any cool, clean surface. Do not put the foam directly in your hands. This will melt the foam immediately upon contact with warm skin.
Move the hair away and put a small amount of the foam on the affected areas of the scalp. Massage it in gently until the medicine has dried.
Do not wash or rinse the treated areas immediately after applying the medicine.
Do not use betamethasone valerate near heat, open flame, or while smoking.
Dosing
The dose of betamethasone valerate will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of betamethasone valerate. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For redness, itching, and swelling of the skin:
For topical dosage forms (cream and ointment):
Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin one to three times per day.
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
For topical dosage form (lotion):
Adults—Apply a few drops to the affected area of the skin two times per day (morning and evening).
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
For scalp problems:
For topical dosage form (foam):
Adults—Apply to the affected area of the scalp two times per day (once in the morning and once at night).
Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of betamethasone valerate, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Store the can of the foam at room temperature, away from heat and direct light. Do not freeze. Do not keep betamethasone valerate inside a car where it could be exposed to extreme heat or cold. Do not poke holes in the canister or throw it into a fire, even if the canister is empty.
Betamethasone valerate administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Take this medication exactly as it was prescribed for you. Do not take the medication in larger amounts, or take it for longer than recommended by your doctor. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results from this medication.
Your steroid medication needs may change if you have unusual stress such as a serious illness, fever or infection, or if you have surgery or a medical emergency. Tell your doctor about any such situation that affects you.
Measure the liquid form of betamethasone with a special dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
This medication can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using betamethasone.
Do not stop using betamethasone suddenly, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor about how to avoid withdrawal symptoms when stopping the medication.
Carry an ID card or wear a medical alert bracelet stating that you are taking a steroid, in case of emergency. Any doctor, dentist, or emergency medical care provider who treats you should know that you are taking steroid medication.
Store betamethasone at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Betamethasone valerate pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Betamethasone valerate as a topical corticosteroid, has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive actions.
The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity of the topical corticosteroids are unclear. Various laboratory methods, including vasoconstrictor assay, are used to compare and predict potencies and/or clinical efficacies of the topical corticosteroids. There is some evidence to suggest that a recognizable correlation exists between vasoconstrictor potency and therapeutic efficacy in man.
Pharmacokinetics
The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors including the vehicle, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and the use of occlusive dressings.
Betamethasone valerate can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption. Occlusive dressings substantially increase the percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids. Thus, occlusive dressings may be a valuable therapeutic adjunct for treatment of resistant dermatoses.
Once absorbed through the skin, betamethasone valerate is handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. They are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys. Some of the topical corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted into the bile.
Actions of Gentamicin sulfate in details
The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Gentamicin sulfate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group. It is bactericidal by interfering with normal bacterial protein synthesis and has a sustained post-antibiotic effect against susceptible pathogens. The spectrum of action covers gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, among them so-called "problem germs" which are resistant to other antibiotics. In general, the following pathogens are highly susceptible: E. coli, Proteus, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Pseudomonas, Providencia, Haemophilus, gonococci as well as staphylococci including penicillin-resistant and penicillinase-producing strains.
Pharmacokinetics: Gentamicin sulfate is administered IM or IV.
Oral doses are not absorbed from the gut. The plasma elimination t½ is about 2 hrs. Gentamicin sulfate is not metabolized, but eliminated in a microbiologically active form along renal pathways, principally by glomerular filtration. The resident intestinal flora is unaffected.
How should I take Gentamicin sulfate?
For patients using the eye drop form of Gentamicin sulfate:
The bottle is only partially full to provide proper drop control.
To use:
First, wash your hands. Tilt the head back and with the index finger of one hand, press gently on the skin just beneath the lower eyelid and pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to make a space. Drop the medicine into this space. Let go of the eyelid and gently close the eyes. Do not blink. Keep the eyes closed for 1 or 2 minutes, to allow the medicine to come into contact with the infection.
If you think you did not get the drop of medicine into your eye properly, use another drop.
Avoid wearing contact lenses during treatment
To keep the medicine as germ-free as possible, do not touch the applicator tip to any surface (including the eye). Also, keep the container tightly closed.
For patients using the eye ointment form of Gentamicin sulfate:
First, wash your hands. Tilt the head back and with the index finger of one hand, press gently on the skin just beneath the lower eyelid and pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to make a space. Squeeze a thin strip of ointment into this space. A 1-cm (approximately ⅓-inch) strip of ointment is usually enough unless otherwise directed by your doctor. Let go of the eyelid and gently close the eyes and keep them closed for 1 or 2 minutes, to allow the medicine to come into contact with the infection.
To keep the medicine as germ-free as possible, do not touch the applicator tip to any surface (including the eye). After using Gentamicin sulfate eye ointment, wipe the tip of the ointment tube with a clean tissue and keep the tube tightly closed.
To help clear up your infection completely, keep using Gentamicin sulfate for the full time of treatment, even if your symptoms have disappeared. Do not miss any doses.
Dosing
The dose of Gentamicin sulfate will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Gentamicin sulfate. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For ophthalmic ointment dosage form:
For eye infections:
Adults and children—Use every eight to twelve hours.
For ophthalmic solution (eye drops) dosage form:
For mild to moderate eye infections:
Adults and children—One to two drops every four hours.
For severe eye infections:
Adults and children—One to two drops as often as once every hour as directed by your doctor.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of Gentamicin sulfate, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Gentamicin sulfate administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
IM: Administer by deep IM route if possible.
IV: Infuse over 30 to 120 minutes.
Some penicillins (eg, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and piperacillin) have been shown to inactivate aminoglycosides in vitro. This has been observed to a greater extent with tobramycin and Gentamicin sulfate, while amikacin has shown greater stability against inactivation. Concurrent use of these agents may pose a risk of reduced antibacterial efficacy in vivo, particularly in the setting of profound renal impairment. However, definitive clinical evidence is lacking. If combination penicillin/aminoglycoside therapy is desired in a patient with renal dysfunction, separation of doses (if feasible), and routine monitoring of aminoglycoside levels, CBC, and clinical response should be considered.
Intraventricular (off-label route): Use preservative-free preparations only. When administered through a ventricular drain, clamp drain for 15 to 60 minutes before opening the drain to allow Gentamicin sulfate solution to equilibrate in the cerebrospinal fluid (IDSA [Tunkel 2004]; IDSA [Tunkel 2017]).
Gentamicin sulfate pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
Gentamicin sulfate Sulfate is a wide spectrum antibiotic that provides highly effective topical treatment in primary and secondary bacterial infections of the skin. Gentamicin sulfate Sulfate Cream USP, 0.1% may clear infections that have not responded to other topical antibiotic agents. In primary skin infections such as impetigo contagiosa, treatment three or four times daily with Gentamicin sulfate Sulfate Cream USP, 0.1% usually clears the lesions promptly. In secondary skin infections, Gentamicin sulfate Sulfate Cream USP, 0.1% aids in the treatment of the underlying dermatosis by controlling the infection. Bacteria susceptible to the action of Gentamicin sulfate sulfate include sensitive strains of Streptococci (group A beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic), Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase positive, coagulase negative, and some penicillinase-producing strains), and the gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aerobacteraerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Actions of Miconazole nitrate in details
The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
Miconazole nitrate nitrate has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds. Miconazole nitrate nitrate also possesses antimicrobial properties.
Dimethicone provides protection to the skin due to its water-repellant properties. It is non-irritating and has healing properties.
Phenethyl alcohol has antimicrobial properties.
Zinc oxide is protective and soothing and the menthol provides an immediate cooling sensation to help relieve itching skin.
Miconazole nitrate tinea powder does not contain starch, which may support bacterial growth.
How should I take Miconazole nitrate?
Keep Miconazole nitrate away from the eyes.
Apply enough Miconazole nitrate to cover the affected area, and rub in gently.
To use the aerosol powder form of Miconazole nitrate:
Shake well before using.
From a distance of 6 to 10 inches, spray the powder on the affected areas. If it is used on the feet, spray it between the toes, on the feet, and in the socks and shoes.
Do not inhale the powder.
Do not use near heat, near open flame, or while smoking.
To use the aerosol solution form of Miconazole nitrate:
Shake well before using.
From a distance of 4 to 6 inches, spray the solution on the affected areas. If it is used on the feet, spray it between the toes and on the feet.
Do not inhale the vapors from the spray.
Do not use near heat, near open flame, or while smoking.
To use the powder form of Miconazole nitrate:
If the powder is used on the feet, sprinkle it between the toes, on the feet, and in the socks and shoes.
When Miconazole nitrate is used to treat certain types of fungus infections of the skin, an occlusive dressing (airtight covering, such as kitchen plastic wrap) should not be applied over Miconazole nitrate. To do so may cause irritation of the skin. Do not apply an occlusive dressing over Miconazole nitrate unless you have been directed to do so by your doctor.
To help clear up your infection completely, keep using Miconazole nitrate for the full time of treatment, even if your condition has improved. Do not miss any doses.
Dosing
The dose of Miconazole nitrate will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Miconazole nitrate. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For aerosol powder, aerosol solution, cream, and powder dosage forms:
For fungus infections:
Adults and children—Apply to the affected area(s) of the skin two times a day, morning and evening.
For cream and lotion dosage forms:
For sun fungus:
Adults and children—Apply to the affected area(s) of the skin once a day.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of Miconazole nitrate, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Store the canister at room temperature, away from heat and direct light. Do not freeze. Do not keep Miconazole nitrate inside a car where it could be exposed to extreme heat or cold. Do not poke holes in the canister or throw it into a fire, even if the canister is empty.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Miconazole nitrate administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
Use Miconazole nitrate topical exactly as directed by your doctor or follow the directions that accompany the package. If you do not understand these instructions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you.
Wash your hands before and after using this medication.
Clean and dry the affected area. Apply the cream, lotion, spray, or powder once or twice daily as directed for 2 to 4 weeks.
Use this medication for the full amount of time prescribed by your doctor or as recommended in the package even if you begin to feel better. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely healed.
If the infection does not clear up in 2 weeks (or 4 weeks for athlete's foot), or if it appears to get worse, see your doctor.
Do not use bandages or dressings that do not allow air circulation over the affected area (occlusive dressings) unless otherwise directed by your doctor. A light cotton-gauze dressing may be used to protect clothing.
Avoid getting this medication in your eyes, nose, or mouth.
Store Miconazole nitrate topical at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Miconazole nitrate pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
Miconazole nitrate interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Miconazole nitrate may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.
References
DailyMed. "MICONAZOLE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
DailyMed. "GENTAMICIN SULFATE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
DailyMed. "BETAMETHASONE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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