Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm Actions

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Actions of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm in details

The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is a bactericidal agent which inhibits an essential step in the reproduction of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the A subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase).

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is more potent and has a broader spectrum of activity than nalidixic acid, a non-fluorinated quinolone.

Spectrum: Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is active against (gram-negative aerobic bacteria). Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli and Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hapnia, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Acinetobacter spp, Campylobacter spp, Gardenerella vaginalis, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella spp, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Pasteurella multocida and Vibrio spp. Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm has variable activity against Brucella melitensis.

Gram-positive aerobic staphylococci bacteria including penicillinase-producing and nonproducing strains as well as some methicillin-resistant strains are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. Streptococcus pneumoniae and enterococci are less susceptible to the drug.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is also active against Corynebacterium spp and Listeria monocytogenes.

It exerts bactericidal effect against Pseudomonas spp, Haemophilus ducreyi, H. influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamelia) catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhea, N. meningitidis. This is also true to β-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and N. gonorrhea.

Mycobacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsias, Plasmodium falciparum and Clostridium difficile may be sensitive to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. Moderate susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is exhibited by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Resistance: Bacteroides fragilis, C. difficile, other anaerobic bacteria, Campylobacter spp, non-typhoid Salmonella spp, multi-resistant Salmonella typhii, S. paratyphi and β-lactamase-producing gonococcus are resistant to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is also inactive against against fungi and the spirochete, Treponema pallidum.

Nocardia asteroides, Ureaplasma urealyticum, are usually considered to be resistant to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

During treatment with Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm, resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains), P. aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli and Serratia marcescens were found.

Monotherapy with Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm was reported to have caused the development of mutational resistance in mycobacteria.

Cross-resistance exists between Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm and other fluoroquinolones.

Resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm may have been caused by the presence of the drug in sweat.

Effects when Given with Other Antimicrobial Agents: Enhanced effect is exhibited when Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is given with imipenem against P. aeruginosa. The activity of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is enhanced if given with aminoglycosides. The same is true against anaerobic bacteria if given concomitantly with clindamycin or cefotaxime.

Pharmacokinetics: Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm, upon ingestion, is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentration of 2.5 mcg/mL is reached 1-2 hrs after 500 mg oral dose. The oral bioavailability of the drug is about 70%.

Absorption of the drug may be delayed by food but it does not give significant clinical effects. The plasma half-life (t½) of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is 3.5-4.5 hrs and may be delayed in patients with end-stage renal disease (8 hrs) and in the elderly. In patients with severe liver cirrhosis, t½ is slightly prolonged.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is 20-40% protein bound. It is widely distributed in body and tissues. It may be seen in the cerebrospinal fluid, 10% in normal meninges, and is able to cross the placenta.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is found to be excreted in breast milk but is mainly excreted in the urine by active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration which may be reduced by probenecid. Other means of elimination include hepatic metabolism, excretion in the bile where high concentration are achieved and transluminal excretion in the intestinal mucosa.

The urinary metabolite of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is oxociprofloxacin and primary fecal metabolite is suphociprofloxacin.

Oral Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is 40-50% and 15% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and metabolite, respectively, within a period of 1 day. Fecal excretion involves 20-35% of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm taken orally.

Few amounts of the drug may be removed by dialysis.

How should I take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm?

Take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm only as directed by your doctor. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm comes with a Medication Guide. Read and follow the instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm works best when there is a constant amount in the blood or urine. To help keep the amount constant, do not miss any doses. Also, it is best to take the doses at evenly spaced times, day and night. For example, if you are to take one dose a day, try to take it at the same time each day.

If you need to take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm for anthrax infection, your doctor will want you to begin taking it as soon as possible after you are exposed to anthrax.

Swallow the extended-release tablet whole. Do not crush, split, or chew it.

Shake the oral liquid for at least 15 seconds just before each use. The oral liquid has small microcapsules floating in it. These microcapsules may look like bubbles or small beads. Do not chew the microcapsules when you take the oral liquid. Measure the oral liquid with the marked measuring spoon that comes with the bottle.

You may take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm with or without food. However, Proquin® XR tablets should be taken with a main meal, preferably the evening meal.

Drink plenty of fluids while you are taking Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. Drinking extra water will help prevent some unwanted effects of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

Do not take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm alone with milk, yogurt, or other dairy products. Do not drink any juice with calcium added when you take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. It is okay to have dairy products or juice as part of a larger meal when you take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

If you are taking aluminum or magnesium-containing antacids, iron supplements, multivitamins, didanosine (Videx®), lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol®), sevelamer (Renagel®), sucralfate (Carafate®), or any products containing calcium or zinc, do not take them at the same time that you take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. It is best to take these medicines at least 2 hours before or 4 to 6 hours after taking Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. These medicines may keep Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm from working properly.

Keep using Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm for the full treatment time, even if you feel better after the first few doses. Your infection may not clear up if you stop using the medicine too soon.

Dosing

The dose of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.

Missed Dose

If you miss a dose of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.

Do not take more than one extended-release tablet each day.

Storage

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.

Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.

You may store the oral liquid at room temperature or in the refrigerator. Do not freeze the bottle. Do not keep the mixed oral liquid for more than 14 days. Throw away any unused liquid after 14 days.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm administration

Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.

Take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm with a full glass of water (8 ounces). Drink several extra glasses of fluid each day while you are taking Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm may be taken with or without food, but take it at the same time each day.

Shake the oral suspension (liquid) for at least 15 seconds just before you measure a dose. To be sure you get the correct dose, measure the liquid with a marked measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.

When taking the oral liquid, swallow it without chewing the medicine beads you may notice in the liquid.

Do not crush, chew, or break an extended-release tablet. Swallow it whole. Breaking the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.

Do not take Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm with dairy products such as milk or yogurt, or with calcium-fortified juice. You may eat or drink these products as part of a regular meal, but do not use them alone when taking Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. They could make the medication less effective.

Take this medication for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not allow the liquid medicine to freeze.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism of Action

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

When Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is administered with food, approximately 87% of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is gradually released from the tablet over a 6-hour period. When administered following a meal maximum plasma Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm concentrations are attained approximately 4.5-7 hours after dosing with Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) tablets. Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) should be administered with a main meal of the day, preferably the evening meal; if Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) is given while fasting, the bioavailability will be lowered substantially. Administration of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) with a standardized meal (1000 calories, 50% fat) increased the Cmax and AUC0-24h by approximately 120% and 170%, respectively, compared to administration under fasting conditions; the mean Tmax was prolonged from 2.3 hours to 4.5 hours. Table 2 presents the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained at steady state for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm 500 mg once daily versus Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm immediate-release tablets 250 mg twice daily.

Table 2: Steady-State Pharmacokinetics for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm in Plasma of Healthy Subjects (Day 3).

Activity in vitro and in vivo

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm is less active when tested at acidic pH. The inoculum size has little effect when tested in vitro . The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) generally does not exceed the MIC by more than a factor of 2.

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm has been shown to be active against most strains of the following organisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.

Aerobic gram-negative microorganisms

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella pneumoniae

The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown:

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm exhibits in vitro MICs of 1 mcg/mL or less against most ( > 90%) strains of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Aerobic gram-negative microorganisms

Proteus mirabilis

Susceptibility Tests

Interpretive criteria for urinary isolates have not been established for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm. Interpretive criteria established based on systemic drug levels may not be appropriate for uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

  • Dilution Techniques: Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method1 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 4.
  • Diffusion Techniques: Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 2 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 5-mcg Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

    Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 5-mcg Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm disk should be interpreted according to the f criteria outlined in Table 4. Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm.

Table 4: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm

Pathogen Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm)
S I R S I R
Enterobacteriaceae ≤ 1 2 ≥ 4 ≥ 21 16-20 ≤ 15
S=Susceptible, I=Intermediate, and R=Resistant

A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and if the microorganism is not fully-susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.

  • Quality Control:

    Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For dilution technique, standard Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm powder should give the MIC values provided in Table 4. For diffusion technique, the 5 mcg Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm disk should provide zone diameters provided in Table 5.

Table 5: Quality Control for Susceptibility Testing

Microorganism Microorganism QC Number MIC (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm)
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 0.004-0.015 30-40
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.12-0.5 Not applicable
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Not applicable 22 – 30

Animal Pharmacology

Gastrointestinal or other toxic effects were not observed in male and female beagle dogs following oral administration of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) tablets at doses up to 1,000 mg/day for 28 consecutive days (approximately 3 and 5 times the human therapeutic dose based upon AUC comparisons to male and female dogs, respectively).

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm and other quinolones have been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals of most species tested.

Crystalluria, sometimes associated with secondary nephropathy, occurs in laboratory animals dosed with the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. This is primarily related to the reduced solubility of Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm under alkaline conditions, which predominate in the urine of test animals. In contrast, crystalluria is rare in man since human urine is typically acidic.

In mice, concomitant administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as phenylbutazone and indomethacin with quinolones has been reported to enhance the CNS stimulatory effects of quinolones.

Ocular toxicity seen with some related drugs has not been observed in Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated animals. There was no indication of ocular toxicity in the dog study cited above.

Clinical Studies

Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) was evaluated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (acute cystitis) in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial conducted in the US. This study compared Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm 500 mg once daily for 3 days with Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm immediate-release tablets. Of the 1,037 patients enrolled, 524 were randomly assigned to the Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) treatment group and 513 were randomly assigned to the control group. A total of 272 (52%) patients in the Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm hcl) group and 251 (49%) in the control group were evaluable for efficacy and included in the Per-Protocol population. The primary efficacy variable was bacteriologic eradication of the baseline organism(s) with no new infection at the Test-of-Cure (TOC) visit (Day 4 to 11 post-therapy).

The bacteriological eradication and clinical success rates were similar for both treatment groups. The eradication and clinical success rates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the differences between rates (Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm minus control group) are given in Table 6.

Table 6: Bacteriological Eradication and Clinical Cure Rates at the Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit

Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm 500 mg once daily for 3 days Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm immediate- release tablet 250 mg twice daily for 3 days
qd x 3 Days bid x 3 Days
Randomized Patients 524 513
Per Protocol Patients 272 (52%) 251 (49%)
Bacteriologic Eradication with no new infection at TOC 212 / 272 (78%) 193 / 251 (77%)
(-6.2%,8.2%)
Clinical Response at TOC 233 / 272 (86%) 216 / 251 (86%)
(-6.4%,5.6%)
Bacteriologic Eradication by organism*
E. coli 211 / 222 (95%) 184 / 202 (91%)
K. pneumoniae 11 / 12 (92%) 10 / 13 (77%)
*Number of patients with specified baseline organism eradicated /Number of per-protocol patients with specified baseline organism.

The bacteriological eradication rates for baseline organisms at the TOC visit were 93% (254/272) for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm and 90% (225/251) for Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm immediate-release tablets. Of the patients with their baseline organism eradicated, new infections were detected in 42/254 (16%) Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients and 32/225 (14%) Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients at the TOC visit. Gram-negative rods were responsible for new infections in 10 Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients and 7 Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients, and Enterococcus species were isolated in 24 Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients, and 20 Ciprofloxacin - Sunve Pharm-treated patients.

REFERENCES

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Eight Edition. Approved Standard CLSI Document M7-A8, Vol. 29, No. 2, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2009.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests. Tenth Edition. Approved Standard CLSI Document M2-A10, Vol. 29, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2009.



References

  1. DailyMed. "CIPROFLOXACIN; DEXAMETHASONE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  2. NCIt. "Ciprofloxacin: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  3. EPA DSStox. "Ciprofloxacin: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).

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