Actions of Clomaderm in details
Pharmacology: Clomaderm contains Clotrimazole, a new generation imidazole derivative possessing a potent and broad-spectrum antifungal, anticandidal and antitrichomonal activity. In vitro, depending on the concentration, Clomaderm exhibits fungistatic or fungicidal activity against a wide range of isolates of deratophytes eg, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Epidermatophyton floccosum. Clomaderm exhibits a high degree of anti-candidal action on pathogenic strains of Candida eg, Candida albicans; it also shows a good antimicrobial action on Malassezia furfur. Strains of fungi having a natural resistance to Clomaderm are rare. No single step or multiple step resistance to Clomaderm has developed during successive passages of Candida albicans.
Clomaderm is known to possess anti-trichomonal and antibacterial activity particularly against some of the gram-positive organisms. Clomaderm causes alteration in the cell wall permeability and leads to leakage of intracellular phosphorus compounds with concomitant breakdown of cellular nucleic acid and accelerated potassium influx. These rapidly and extensively developing changes contribute to fungicidal activity of Clomaderm. Following the vaginal administration, Clomaderm appears to be minimally absorbed.
Pharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetic investigations after vaginal application have shown that only a small amount of Clomaderm is absorbed. Due to rapid hepatic metabolism of absorbed Clomaderm into pharmacologically inactive metabolites, the resulting peak plasma concentrations of Clomaderm after vaginal application of a 500-mg dose were <10 ng/mL, reflecting that Clomaderm applied intravaginally does not lead to measurable systemic effects or side effects.
How should I take Clomaderm?
Apply enough Clomaderm to cover the affected and surrounding skin areas, and rub in gently.
Keep Clomaderm away from the eyes.
When Clomaderm is used to treat certain types of fungus infections of the skin, an occlusive dressing (airtight covering, such as kitchen plastic wrap) should not be applied over the medicine. To do so may cause irritation of the skin. Do not apply an occlusive dressing over Clomaderm unless you have been directed to do so by your doctor.
To help clear up your infection completely, it is very important that you keep using Clomaderm for the full time of treatment, even if your symptoms begin to clear up after a few days. Since fungus infections may be very slow to clear up, you may have to continue using Clomaderm every day for several weeks or more. If you stop using Clomaderm too soon, your symptoms may return. Do not miss any doses.
Dosing
The dose of Clomaderm will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Clomaderm. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
- For topical dosage forms (cream, lotion, and solution):
- Fungal infections (treatment):
- Adults and children—Use two times a day, morning and evening.
- Fungal infections (treatment):
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of Clomaderm, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Clomaderm administration
Oral: Allow troche to dissolve slowly in the mouth. Dissolution is complete in approximately 30 minutes.
Clomaderm pharmacology
Clomaderm is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that is used for the treatment of dermal infections caused by various species of pathogenic dermatophytes, yeasts, and Malassezia furfur. The primary action of Clomaderm is against dividing and growing organisms.
In vitro,Clomaderm exhibits fungistatic and fungicidal activity against isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum,Microsporum canis and Candida species including Candida albicans. In general, the in vitro activity of Clomaderm corresponds to that of tolnaftate and griseofulvin against the mycelia of dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton), and to that of the polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) against budding fungi (Candida). Using an in vivo (mouse) and an in vitro (mouse kidney homogenate) testing system, Clomaderm and micronazole were equally effective in preventing the growth of the pseudomycelia and mycelia of Candida albicans.
Strains of fungi having a natural resistance to Clomaderm are rare. Only a single isolate of Candida guilliermondi has been reported to have primary resistance to Clomaderm.
No single-step or multiple-step resistance to Clomaderm has developed during successive passages of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. No appreciable change in sensitivity was detected after successive passage of isolates of C. albicans, C krusei, or C. pseudotropicalis in liquid or solid media containing Clomaderm. Also, resistance could not be developed in chemically induced mutant strains of polyene-resistant isolates of C. albicans. Slight, reversible resistance was noted in three isolates of C. albicans tested by one investigator. There is a single report that records the clinical emergence of C. albicans strain with considerable resistance to flucytosine and micronazole, and with cross-resistance to Clomaderm, the strain remained sensitive to nystatin and amphotericin B.
In studies of the mechanism of action, the minimum fungicide concentration of Clomaderm caused leakage of intracellular phosphorus compounds into the ambient medium with concomitant breakdown of cellular nucleic acids and accelerated potassium efflux. Both these events began rapidly and extensively after addition of the drug.
Clomaderm appears to be well absorbed in humans following oral administration and is eliminated mainly as inactive metabolites. Following topical and vaginal administration, however, Clomaderm appears to be minimally absorbed.
Six hours after the application of radioactive Clomaderm 1% cream and 1% solution onto intact and acutely inflamed skin, the concentration of Clomaderm varied from 100 mcg/cm3 in the stratum corneum to 0.5 to 1 mcg/cm3 in the stratum reticulare, and 0.1 mcg/cm3 in the subcutis. No measurable amount of radioactivity (≤0.001 mcg/mL) was found in the serum within 48 hours after application under occlusive dressing of 0.5 mL of the solution or 0.8 g of the cream. Only 0.5% or less of the applied radioactivity was excreted in the urine.
Following intravaginal administration of 100 mg 14C-Clomaderm vaginal tablets to nine adult females, an average peak serum level, corresponding to only 0.03 μg equivalent/mL of Clomaderm, was reached one to two days after application. After intravaginal administration of 5 g of 1% 14C-Clomaderm vaginal cream containing 50 mg active drug, to five subjects (one with candidal colpitis), serum levels corresponding to approximately 0.01 μg equivalents/mL were reached between 8 and 24 hours after application.
References
- DailyMed. "BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE; CLOTRIMAZOLE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
- NCIt. "Clotrimazole: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
- EPA DSStox. "Clotrimazole: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology
