Clopra Yellow Actions

What is the dose of your medication?
sponsored

Actions of Clopra Yellow in details

The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
sponsored

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antiemetic.

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action: Clopra Yellow has antiemetic, antinauseant and gastrokinetic activity. It stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract without stimulating gastric, biliary or pancreatic secretions. The rate of gastric emptying is increased due to increased peristalsis of the jejunum and duodenum. The tone and amplitude of gastric contractions are increased with relaxation of the pyloric sphincter and duodenal bulb. These effects combine to result in decreased intestinal transit time. The effect of Clopra Yellow on motility is not dependent on intact vagal innervation, but it can be abolished by anticholinergic drugs. Clopra Yellow has little, if any effect on the motility of the colon or bladder. Clopra Yellow also exhibits dopamine-antagonist activity and consequently produces sedation and rarely, other extrapyramidal reactions. It may have serotonin receptor (5-HT3) antagonist properties. Clopra Yellow inhibits the central and peripheral effects of apomorphine, induces release of prolactin and produces a transient increase in circulating aldosterone levels.

Pharmacokinetics: Following IV administration, the onset of action is within 1-3 min and after IM administration, this interval is extended to 10-15 min. The effect usually lasts from 1-2 hrs.

About 80% of the drug is excreted in the urine in the first 24 hrs after administration. Approximately ½ is unchanged Clopra Yellow and ½ is the glucuronide and sulphate conjugate. Metabolism mainly occurs in the liver and elimination t½ may vary from 2.5-6 hrs. Impaired renal function results in a reduced clearance and an increased t½, up to 15 hrs. Plasma protein-binding is 13-22%.

How should I take Clopra Yellow?

Take Clopra Yellow exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Clopra Yellow is usually taken for only 4 to 12 weeks. Follow the directions on your prescription label.

NEVER TAKE Clopra Yellow IN LARGER AMOUNTS THAN RECOMMENDED, OR FOR LONGER THAN 12 WEEKS.

High doses or long-term use of Clopra Yellow can cause a serious movement disorder that may not be reversible. Symptoms of this disorder include uncontrollable muscle movements of your lips, tongue, eyes, face, arms, or legs. The longer you take Clopra Yellow, the more likely you are to develop a serious movement disorder. The risk of this side effect is higher in women, diabetics, and older adults.

Take Clopra Yellow 30 minutes before eating. Clopra Yellow is usually taken before meals and at bedtime. Your doctor may want you to take the medication as needed only with meals that usually cause heartburn. Follow your doctor's instructions.

Measure the liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.

To take Clopra Yellow orally disintegrating tablet (ODT):

Do not take two different forms of Clopra Yellow (such as tablets and oral syrup) at the same time. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. After you stop taking Clopra Yellow, you may have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or nervousness. Talk to your doctor about how to avoid withdrawal symptoms when stopping the medication.

Clopra Yellow administration

Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
sponsored

Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Clopra Yellow is usually taken for only 4 to 12 weeks. Follow the directions on your prescription label.

NEVER TAKE Clopra Yellow IN LARGER AMOUNTS THAN RECOMMENDED, OR FOR LONGER THAN 12 WEEKS. High doses or long-term use of Clopra Yellow can cause a serious movement disorder that may not be reversible. Symptoms of this disorder include uncontrollable muscle movements of your lips, tongue, eyes, face, arms, or legs. The longer you take Clopra Yellow, the more likely you are to develop a serious movement disorder. The risk of this side effect is higher in women, diabetics, and older adults.

Take Clopra Yellow 30 minutes before eating. Clopra Yellow is usually taken before meals and at bedtime. Your doctor may want you to take the medication as needed only with meals that usually cause heartburn. Follow your doctor's instructions.

Measure the liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.

To take Clopra Yellow orally disintegrating tablet (ODT):

Do not take two different forms of Clopra Yellow (such as tablets and oral syrup) at the same time.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use.

After you stop taking Clopra Yellow, you may have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or nervousness. Talk to your doctor about how to avoid withdrawal symptoms when stopping the medication.

Clopra Yellow pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
sponsored

Mechanism of Action

Clopra Yellow stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract without stimulating gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions. Its mode of action is unclear. It seems to sensitize tissues to the action of acetylcholine. The effect of Clopra Yellow on motility is not dependent on intact vagal innervation, but it can be abolished by anticholinergic drugs.

Clopra Yellow increases the tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increases peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It increases the resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. It has little, if any, effect on the motility of the colon or gallbladder.

The antiemetic properties of Clopra Yellow appear to be primarily a result of its antagonism of central and peripheral dopamine receptors. Dopamine produces nausea and vomiting by stimulation of the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and Clopra Yellow blocks stimulation of the CTZ by agents like 1-dopa or apomorphine which are known to increase dopamine levels or to possess dopamine-like effects. Clopra Yellow also abolishes the slowing of gastric emptying caused by apomorphine.

Like the phenothiazines and related drugs, which are also dopamine antagonists, Clopra Yellow produces sedation and may produce extrapyramidal reactions, although these are comparatively rare. Clopra Yellow inhibits the central and peripheral effects of apomorphine, induces release of prolactin and causes a transient increase in circulating aldosterone levels, which may be associated with transient fluid retention.

Pharmacodynamics

The onset of pharmacological action of Clopra Yellow is 1 to 3 minutes following an intravenous dose, 10 to 15 minutes following intramuscular administration, and 30 to 60 minutes following an oral dose; pharmacological effects persist for 1 to 2 hours.

In patients with gastroesophageal reflux and low LESP (lower esophageal sphincter pressure), single oral doses of Clopra Yellow produce dose-related increases in LESP. Effects begin at about 5 mg and increase through 20 mg (the largest dose tested). The increase in LESP from a 5 mg dose lasts about 45 minutes and that of 20 mg lasts between 2 and 3 hours. Increased rate of stomach emptying has been observed with single oral doses of 10 mg.

Pharmaeokincties

Absorption

Clopra Yellow is well absorbed. Relative to an intravenous dose of 20 mg, the absolute oral bioavailability of Clopra Yellow is 80% ± 15.5% as demonstrated in a crossover study of 18 subjects. Peak plasma concentrations occur at about 1 to 2 hr after a single oral dose. Similar time to peak is observed after individual doses at steady state.

In a single dose study of 12 subjects, the area under the drug concentration-time curve increases linearly with doses from 20 to 100 mg. Peak concentrations increase linearly with dose; time to peak concentrations remains the same. Linear kinetic processes adequately describe the absorption of Clopra Yellow.

Distribution

The drug is not extensively bound to plasma proteins (about 30%). The whole body volume of distribution is high (about 3.5 L/kg) which suggests extensive distribution of drug to the tissues.

Excretion

In a single dose study of 12 subjects with doses from 20 to 100 mg, whole body clearance is unchanged; and the elimination rate remains the same. The mean elimination half-life of Clopra Yellow is approximately 7 hr after administration of Clopra Yellow™. Linear kinetic processes adequately describe the elimination of Clopra Yellow.

Approximately 85% of the radioactivity of an orally administered dose appears in the urine within 72 hr. Of the 85% eliminated in the urine, about half is present as free or conjugated Clopra Yellow.

Adult Pharmakokinetic Data
Parameter Value
Vd (L/kg) ~3.5
Plasma Protein Binding ~ 30%
t½ (hr) ~ 7

Oral Bioavailability

80% ± 15.5%

Special Populations

Renal Insufficiency

Renal impairment affects the clearance of Clopra Yellow. In a study with patients with varying degrees of renal impairment, a reduction in creatinine clearance was correlated with a reduction in plasma clearance, renal clearance, non-renal clearance, and increase in elimination half-life. The kinetics of Clopra Yellow in the presence of renal impairment remained linear however. The reduction in clearance as a result of renal impairment suggests that adjustment downward of maintenance dosage should be done to avoid drug accumulation.

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric patients, the pharmacodynamics of Clopra Yellow following oral and intravenous administration are highly variable and a concentration-effect relationship has not been established.

There are insufficient reliable data to conclude whether the pharmacokinetics of Clopra Yellow in adults and the pediatric population are similar. Although there are insufficient data to support the efficacy of Clopra Yellow in pediatric patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) or cancer chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, its pharmacokinetics have been studied in these patient populations.

In an open-label study, six pediatric patients (age range, 3.5 weeks to 5.4 months) with GER received Clopra Yellow 0.15 mg/kg oral solution every 6 hours for 10 doses. The mean peak plasma concentration of Clopra Yellow after the tenth dose was 2-fold (56.8 µg/L) higher compared to that observed after the first dose (29 µg/L) indicating drug accumulation with repeated dosing. After the tenth dose, the mean time to reach peak concentrations (2.2 hr), half-life (4.1 hr), clearance (0.67 L/h/kg), and volume of distribution (4.4 L/kg) of Clopra Yellow were similar to those observed after the first dose. In the youngest patient (age, 3.5 weeks), Clopra Yellow half-life after the first and the tenth dose (23.1 and 10.3 hr, respectively) was significantly longer compared to other infants due to reduced clearance. This may be attributed to immature hepatic and renal systems at birth.

Single intravenous doses of Clopra Yellow 0.22 to 0.46 mg/kg (mean, 0.35 mg/kg) were administered over 5 minutes to 9 pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy (mean age, 11.7 years; range, 7 to 14 yr) for prophylaxis of cytotoxic-induced vomiting. The Clopra Yellow plasma concentrations extrapolated to time zero ranged from 65 to 395 µg/L (mean, 152 µg/L). The mean elimination half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of Clopra Yellow were 4.4 hr (range, 1.7 to 8.3 hr), 0.56 L/h/kg (range, 0.12 to 1.20 L/h/kg), and 3.0 L/kg (range, 1.0 to 4.8 L/kg), respectively.

In another study, nine pediatric cancer patients (age range, 1 to 9 yr) received 4 to 5 intravenous infusions (over 30 minutes) of Clopra Yellow at a dose of 2 mg/kg to control emesis. After the last dose, the peak serum concentrations of Clopra Yellow ranged from 1060 to 5680 µg/L. The mean elimination half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of Clopra Yellow were 4.5 hr (range, 2.0 to 12.5 hr), 0.37 L/h/kg (range, 0.10 to 1.24 L/h/kg), and 1.93 L/kg (range, 0.95 to 5.50 L/kg), respectively.



References

  1. NCIt. "Metoclopramide: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  2. EPA DSStox. "Metoclopramide: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).

Reviews

The results of a survey conducted on ndrugs.com for Clopra Yellow are given in detail below. The results of the survey conducted are based on the impressions and views of the website users and consumers taking Clopra Yellow. We implore you to kindly base your medical condition or therapeutic choices on the result or test conducted by a physician or licensed medical practitioners.

User reports

Consumer reported administration

No survey data has been collected yet


Consumer reviews


There are no reviews yet. Be the first to write one!


Your name: 
Email: 
Spam protection:  < Type 29 here

Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology

| Privacy Policy
This site does not supply any medicines. It contains prices for information purposes only.
© 2003 - 2024 ndrugs.com All Rights Reserved