Daphazyl Overdose

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Daphazyl warnings

Warnings are a mix of Precautions. Contraindications and interactions and serious harmful effects associated with the medicine intake. A diabetic or Hypertensive patient need to be warned about few drug interactions. A known hypersensitivity patient needs to be careful about the reactions or anaphylactic shock. A pregnant woman or a breastfeeding woman should be warned of certain medications. A Hepatitis [liver disease] patient or a cardiac patient should avoid few drugs.
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Convulsive Seizures and Peripheral Neuropathy

Convulsive seizures and peripheral neuropathy, the latter characterized mainly by numbness or paresthesia of an extremity, have been reported in patients treated with Metronidazole (Daphazyl). The appearance of abnormal neurologic signs demands the prompt discontinuation of Metronidazole (Daphazyl) (Metronidazole (Daphazyl)) therapy. Metronidazole (Daphazyl) should be administered with caution to patients with central nervous system diseases.

Patients with severe hepatic disease metabolize Metronidazole (Daphazyl) slowly, with resultant accumulation of Metronidazole (Daphazyl) and its metabolites in the plasma. Accordingly, for such patients, doses below those usually recommended should be administered cautiously.

Known or previously unrecognized candidiasis may present more prominent symptoms during therapy with Metronidazole (Daphazyl) (Metronidazole (Daphazyl)) and requires treatment with a candidacidal agent.

Prescribing Metronidazole (Daphazyl) in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Laboratory tests

Metronidazole (Daphazyl) (Metronidazole (Daphazyl)) is a nitro-imidazole and should be used with caution in patients with evidence of or history of blood dys-crasia. A mild leukopenia has been observed during its administration; however, no persistent hematologic abnormalities attributable to metro-nidazole have been observed in clinical studies. Total and differential leukocyte counts are recommended before and after therapy for trichomonia-sis and amebiasis, especially if a second course of therapy is necessary, and before and after therapy for anaerobic infections.

Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility

Metronidazole (Daphazyl) has shown evidence of carcinogenic activity in a number of studies involving chronic, oral administration in mice and rats.

Prominent among the effects in the mouse was the promotion of pulmonary tumorigenesis. This has been observed in all six reported studies in that species, including one study in which the animals were dosed on an intermittent schedule (administration during every fourth week only). At very high dose levels (approx. 500 mg/kg/day which is approximately 33 times the most frequently recommended human dose for a 50 kg adult based on mg/kg body weight) there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of malignant liver tumors in males. Also, the published results of one of the mouse studies indicate an increase in the incidence of malignant lym-phomas as well as pulmonary neoplasms associated with lifetime feeding of the drug. All these effects are statistically significant.

Several long-term, oral-dosing studies in the rat have been completed. There were statistically significant increases in the incidence of various neo-plasms, particularly in mammary and hepatic tumors, among female rats administered metroni-dazole over those noted in the concurrent female control groups.

Two lifetime tumorigenicity studies in hamsters have been performed and reported to be negative.

Although Metronidazole (Daphazyl) has shown mutagenic activity in a number of in vitro assay systems, studies in mammals (in vivo) have failed to demonstrate a potential for genetic damage.

Fertility studies have been performed in mice at doses up to six times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m² and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category B. Metronidazole (Daphazyl) crosses the placental barrier and enters the fetal circulation rapidly. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at doses up to five times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Metronidazole (Daphazyl). No fetotoxicity was observed when Metronidazole (Daphazyl) was administered orally to pregnant mice at 20 mg/kg/day, approximately one and a half times the most frequently recommended human dose (750 mg/day) based on mg/kg body weight; however in a single small study where the drug was administered intraperitoneally, some intrauterine deaths were observed. The relationship of these findings to the drug is unknown. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, and because Metronidazole (Daphazyl) is a carcinogen in rodents, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Use of Metronidazole (Daphazyl) for trichomoniasis during pregnancy should be restricted to those in whom alternative treatment has been inadequate. Use of Metronidazole (Daphazyl) (Metronidazole (Daphazyl)) for trichomoniasis in pregnancy should be carefully evaluated because Metronidazole (Daphazyl) crosses the placental barrier and its effects on the human fetal organogenesis are not known.

Nursing mothers

Because of the potential for tumorigenicity, shown for Metronidazole (Daphazyl) in mouse and rat studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance ofthe drug to the mother. Metronidazole (Daphazyl) is secreted in human milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma.

Geriatric use

Decreased renal function does not alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of metroni-dazole. However, plasma clearance of metronida-zole is decreased in patients with decreased liver function. Therefore, in elderly patients, monitoring of serum levels may be necessary to adjust the Metronidazole (Daphazyl) dosage accordingly.

Pediatric use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established, except for the treatment of amebiasis.


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References

  1. DailyMed. "BISMUTH SUBCITRATE POTASSIUM; METRONIDAZOLE; TETRACYCLINE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  2. DrugBank. "metronidazole". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00916 (accessed September 17, 2018).
  3. MeSH. "Anti-Infective Agents". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68... (accessed September 17, 2018).

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