Pregnancy of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) in details
Pregnancy is always a special situation where every action or side effect of the drug varies when compared to a situation of a non-pregnant patient. It is not only because the pregnant woman's metabolism differs due to the hormonal and other changes happened to her, but also because every medicine or its metabolite passes to the baby and shows its action there. The only thing is, be cautious, attentive and well supervised when you take any single drug in pregnancy. The interactions can vary in pregnancy, and the dosage may differ as well. Strict supervision of the Physician is mandatory.
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The Collaborative Perinatal Project monitored 193 women with first trimester exposure to Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) or aminophylline and found no increased risk of malformations. Cord serum concentrations and infant serum concentrations have been reported to approximate the mother's serum concentrations immediately following birth. In 12 mothers receiving Theophylline (Dericip RETARD), at the time of delivery, maternal serum, cord serum, and infant serum Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) concentrations averaged 10 mcg/mL. Cases of jitteriness, irritability, and vomiting have been reported in infants of mothers maintained on Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) prior to delivery. Apnea has been reported in an infant born after 37.5 weeks gestation to a mother who had been maintained on Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) throughout pregnancy for asthma. At approximately 48 hours after birth, the infants serum Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) level was 15 mcg/mL. The infant was placed on Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) when the concentration measured 2 mcg/mL. Apnea resolved when the Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) concentration reached 17 mcg/mL. The pharmacokinetics of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) have been studied in women during pregnancy. Studies throughout pregnancy have noted a significant decrease in the clearance of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) during the third trimester. The clearance was only slightly decreased during the first and second trimester. The plasma protein binding of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) also has been shown to decrease in the later stages of pregnancy. It is important to closely monitor the Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) serum concentration and the patient for signs of toxicity during pregnancy. One study has shown an increase in fetal breathing movements when Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) was ingested by pregnant women at 33 to 38 weeks gestation. Since fetal breathing movements are routinely used to assess fetal status in late gestation, maternal Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) intake should be taken into account.
Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) has been assigned to pregnancy category C by the FDA. Animal studies have revealed evidence of embryolethality and teratogenicity. There are no controlled data in human pregnancy. Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) is only recommended for use during pregnancy when there are no alternatives and benefit outweighs risk.
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Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) breastfeeding
When a drug is taken when the patient is breast feeding, a part of the drug is secreted in her breast milk and is passed to the baby. The dosage of the medicine to mother and baby are different, and many drugs actions are side effects when you take them without a disease, and what if you the baby takes them without a disease? What if the drug is contraindicated in newborns, infants or children? So, breastfeeding is a very alarming situation when the mother is on medications. Ask your Physician or Pediatrician about the effect of the drug on the baby and how much is excreted in breast milk and if it harms the baby!
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Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) is excreted into human milk and may cause irritability or other signs of mild toxicity. The concentration of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) in breast milk is approximately equivalent to the maternal serum concentration. The manufacturer states that serious adverse effects in the infant are unlikely unless the mother has toxic serum Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) concentrations. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) to be compatible with breast-feeding.
In a study of five women given aminophylline, Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) was detected in milk with a milk:serum ratio of 0.61 to 0.87. The peak milk concentration occurred between one and three hours after ingestion of the dose. Irritability was reported in one infant whose mother took aminophylline. Adverse effects were not reported in the infants of the other women participating in this study. Exposure to the infant can be minimized by administering nursing prior to administration of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) to avoid peak milk concentrations.
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References for pregnancy information
Hernandez E, Angell CS, Johnson JW "Asthma in pregnancy: current concepts." Obstet Gynecol 55 (1980): 739-43
Gardner MJ, Schatz M, Cousins L, Zeiger R, Middleton E, Jusko WJ "Longitudinal effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD)." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32 (1987): 289-95
Dombrowski MP "Pharmacologic therapy of asthma during pregnancy." Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24 (1997): 559
Ishikawa M, Yoneyama Y, Power GG, Araki T "Maternal Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) administration and breathing movements in late-gestation human fetuses." Obstet Gynecol 88 (1996): 973-8
Pratt WR "Allergic diseases in pregnancy and breast feeding." Ann Allergy 47 (1981): 355-60
Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Harden K, Hoffman CC, Chilingar L, Petitti D "The safety of asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy." J Allergy Clin Immunol 100 (1997): 301-6
Stenius-aarniala B, Riikonen S, Teramo K "Slow-release Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) in pregnant asthmatics." Chest 109 (1996): 1668
Yeh TF, Pildes RS "Transplacental aminophylline toxicity in a neonate." Lancet 1 (1977): 910
Stenius-Aarniala B, Riikonen S, Teramo K "Slow-release Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) in pregnant asthmatics." Chest 107 (1995): 42-7
Heinonen O, Slone D, Shapiro S; Kaufman DW ed. "Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy." Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc. (1977): 297
Carter BL, Driscoll CE, Smith GD "Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) clearance during pregnancy." Obstet Gynecol 68 (1986): 555-9
Steniusaarniala B, Riikonen S, Teramo K "Slow-release Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) in pregnant asthmatics." Chest 107 (1995): 642-7
Turner ES, Greenberger PA, Patterson R "Management of the pregnant asthmatic patient." Ann Intern Med 6 (1980): 905-10
Labovitz E, Spector S "Placental Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) transfer in pregnant asthmatics." JAMA 247 (1982): 786-8
Horowitz DA, Jablonski W, Mehta KA "Apnea associated with Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) withdrawal in a term neonate." Am J Dis Child 136 (1982): 73-4
Mcdonald CF, Burdon JGW "Asthma in pregnancy and lactation - a position paper for the thoracic society of australia and new zealand." Med J Aust 165 (1996): 485-8
Arwood LL, Dasta JF, Friedman C "Placental transfer of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD): two case reports." Pediatrics 63 (1979): 844-6
Stec GP, Greenberger P, Ruo TI, et al "Kinetics of Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) transfer to breast milk." Clin Pharmacol Ther 28 (1980): 404-8
Mcdonald CF, Burdon JGW "Asthma in pregnancy and lactation - a position paper for the thoracic society of australia and new zealand." Med J Aust 165 (1996): 485-8
Bailey DN "Lidocaine, quinidine, and Theophylline (Dericip RETARD) binding to human milk." Ann Clin Lab Sci 28 (1998): 289-92
Committee on Drugs, 1992 to 1993 "The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk." Pediatrics 93 (1994): 137-50
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References
DailyMed. "THEOPHYLLINE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
PubMed Health. "Theophylline (By mouth): This section provide the link out information of drugs collectetd in PubMed Health. ". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhe... (accessed September 17, 2018).
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB). "Theophylline: The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body.". http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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