The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
Pharmacology:Pharmacodynamics:Dinogest is a nortestosterone derivative with no androgenic but rather an antiandrogenic activity of approximately 1/3 of that of cyproterone acetate. Dinogest binds to the progesterone receptor of the human uterus with only 10% of the relative affinity of progesterone. Despite its low affinity to the progesterone receptor, Dinogest has a strong progestogenic effect in vivo. Dinogest has no significant androgenic, mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid activity in vivo.
Dinogest acts on endometriosis by reducing the endogenous production of estradiol and thereby suppressing the trophic effects of estradiol on both the eutopic and ectopic endometrium. When given continuously, Dinogest leads to a hypoestrogenic, hypergestagenic endocrine environment causing initial decidualization of endometrial tissue followed by atrophy of endometriotic lesions.
Data on Efficacy: Superiority of Dinogest over placebo was demonstrated in a 3-month study including 198 patients with endometriosis. Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain was measured on a visual analog scale (0-100 mm). After 3 months of treatment with Dinogest a statistically significant difference compared to placebo (∆ = 12.3 mm; 95% CI: 6.4-18.1; p<0.0001) and a clinically meaningful reduction of pain compared to baseline (mean reduction = 27.4 mm±22.9) were demonstrated.
After 3 months of treatment, reduction of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain by ≥50% without relevant increase of concomitant pain medication was achieved in 37.3% of patients on Dinogest (placebo: 19.8%); a reduction of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain by ≥75% relevant increase of concomitant pain medication was achieved in 18.6% of patients on Dinogest (placebo: 7.3%).
The open-label extension to this placebo-controlled study showed a continued improvement of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain for a treatment duration of up to 15 months.
The placebo controlled results were supported by the results obtained in a 6-month active-controlled study versus a GnRH agonist including 252 patients with endometriosis.
Three (3) studies including a total of 252 patients who received a daily dose of Dinogest 2 mg demonstrated a substantial reduction of endometriotic lesions after 6 months of treatment.
In a small study (n=8 per dose group), a daily dose of Dinogest 1 mg has been shown to induce an anovulatory state after 1 month of treatment. Dinogest has not been tested for contraceptive efficacy in larger studies.
Data on Safety: Endogenous estrogen levels are only moderately suppressed during treatment with Dinogest.
Currently, long-term data on bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of fractures in users of Dinogest are not available. BMD was assessed in 21 patients before and after 6 months of treatment with Dinogest and there was no reduction of mean BMD. In 29 patients treated with leuprorelin acetate (LA), a mean reduction of 4.04%±4.84 was noted after the same period (∆ between groups = 4.29%; 95% CI: 1.93-6.66; p<0.0003).
No significant impact on standard laboratory parameters, including hematology, blood chemistry, liver enzymes, lipids and HbA1C was observed during treatment with Dinogest for up to 15 months (n=168).
Pharmacokinetics:Absorption:
Orally administered Dinogest is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. Peak serum concentrations of 47 ng/mL are reached at about 1.5 hrs after single ingestion. Bioavailability is about 91%. The pharmacokinetics of Dinogest are dose-proportional within the dose range of 1-8 mg.
Distribution: Dinogest is bound to serum albumin and does not bind to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or corticoid binding globulin (CBG). Ten percent (10%) of the total serum drug concentrations are present as free steroid, 90% are nonspecifically bound to albumin.
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of Dinogest is 40 L.
Metabolism: Dinogest is completely metabolized by the known pathways of steroid metabolism, with the formation of endocrinologically mostly inactive metabolites. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in the metabolism of Dinogest. The metabolites are excreted very quickly, so that in plasma unchanged Dinogest is the dominating fraction.
The metabolic clearance rate from serum (Cl/F) is 64 mL/min.
Elimination: Dinogest serum levels decrease in 2 phases. The terminal disposition phase is characterized by a half-life of approximately 9-10 hrs. Dinogest is excreted in form of metabolites which are excreted at a urinary to fecal ratio of about 3:1 after oral administration of 0.1 mg/kg. The half-life of urinary metabolites excretion is 14 hrs. Following oral administration approximately 86% of the dose administered is eliminated within 6 days, the bulk of this amount excreted within the first 24 hrs, mostly with the urine.
Steady-State Conditions: Pharmacokinetics of Dinogest are not influenced by SHBG levels. Following daily ingestion drug serum levels increase about 1.24-fold reaching steady-state conditions after 4 days of treatment. The pharmacokinetics of Dinogest after repeated administration of Dinogest can be predicted from single dose pharmacokinetics.
Special Population: Dinogest has not been studied specifically in renally impaired subjects.
Dinogest has not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Toxicology:Preclinical Safety Data: Preclinical data reveal no special risks for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential and toxicity to reproduction. However, it should be borne in mind that sex steroids can promote the growth of certain hormone-dependent tissues and tumors.
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References
DailyMed. "DIENOGEST; ESTRADIOL VALERATE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Dienogest: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
Reviews
The results of a survey conducted on ndrugs.com for Dinogest are given in detail below. The results of the survey conducted are based on the impressions and views of the website users and consumers taking Dinogest. We implore you to kindly base your medical condition or therapeutic choices on the result or test conducted by a physician or licensed medical practitioners.
User reports
1 consumer reported administration
When best can I take Dinogest, on an empty stomach, before or after food? ndrugs.com website users have also released a report stating that Dinogest should be taken After food. In any case, this may not be the right description on how you ought to take this Dinogest. Kindly visit your doctor for more medical advice in this regard. Click here to see other users view on when best the Dinogest can be taken.
Users
%
After food
1
100.0%
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