The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Pharmacology:Pharmacodynamics: Doxycycline 15mg is primarily bacteriostatic and is thought to exert its antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis.
Pharmacokinetics:Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degree. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile, and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations and in a biologically active form. Doxycycline 15mg is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration. Studies reported to date indicate that the absorption of Doxycycline 15mg, unlike certain other tetracyclines, is not notably influenced by the ingestion of food or milk.
In Doxycycline 15mg carrageenate tablets, Doxycycline 15mg is bound to the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan. In dissolution tests, the release of Doxycycline 15mg from the carrageenate complex is not reduced with increased pH. In addition, it has been demonstrated in volunteers that pre-treatment with the gastric proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole does not influence the bioavailability of Doxycycline 15mg when it is administered as Doxycycline 15mg carrageenate.
Following a 200-mg dose, normal adult volunteers averaged peak serum levels of 2.6 mcg/mL of Doxycycline 15mg at 2 hrs, decreasing to 1.45 mcg/mL at 24 hrs. Excretion of Doxycycline 15mg by the kidney is about 40%/72 hrs in individuals with normal renal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min). This percentage excretion may fall to a range as low as 1-5%/72 hrs in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <10 mL/min). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of Doxycycline 15mg (range: 18-22 hrs) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential of Doxycycline 15mg have not been conducted. However, there has been evidence of oncogenic activity in rats in studies with the related antibiotics, oxytetracycline (adrenal and pituitary tumors) and minocycline (thyroid tumors).
Likewise, although mutagenicity studies of Doxycycline 15mg have not been conducted, positive results in in vitro mammalian cell assays have been reported for related antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline).
Doxycycline 15mg administered orally at dosage levels as high as 250 mg/kg/day had no apparent effect on the fertility of female rats. Effect on male fertility has not been studied.
Microbiology: Doxycycline 15mg is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms including:
Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Take Doxycycline 15mg with a full glass of water. Drink plenty of liquids while you are taking Doxycycline 15mg.
Most brands of doxycyline may be taken with food or milk if the medicine upsets your stomach. Different brands of Doxycycline 15mg may have different instructions about taking them with or without food.
Take Doxycycline 15mg on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
You may open a Doxycycline 15mg capsule or break up a Doxycycline 15mg tablet and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of applesauce to make swallowing easier. Swallow right away without chewing. Do not save the mixture for later use. Drink a full glass (8 ounces) of cool water right away.
Do not crush, break, or open a delayed-release capsule or tablet. Swallow the pill whole. The enteric coated pill has a special coating to protect your stomach. Breaking the pill will damage this coating.
You may need to split the Acticlate tablet to get the correct dose. The tablet is scored so you can break it apart easily.
Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
If you take Doxycycline 15mg to prevent malaria: Start taking the medicine 1 or 2 days before entering an area where malaria is common. Continue taking the medicine every day during your stay and for at least 4 weeks after you leave the area. Use protective clothing, insect repellents, and mosquito netting around your bed to further prevent mosquito bites that could cause malaria.
Use this medicine for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Doxycycline 15mg will not treat a viral infection such as the flu or a common cold.
If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using Doxycycline 15mg. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date on the label has passed. Using expired Doxycycline 15mg can cause damage to your kidneys.
Doxycycline 15mg administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
Take Doxycycline 15mg with a full glass of water. Drink plenty of liquids while you are taking Doxycycline 15mg.
Different brands of Doxycycline 15mg may have different instructions about taking them with or without food.
Most brands of doxycyline may be taken with food or milk if the medicine upsets your stomach.
Take Doxycycline 15mg or Periostat on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
You may open a Doxycycline 15mg capsule or break up a Doxycycline 15mg tablet and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of applesauce to make swallowing easier. Swallow right away without chewing. Do not save the mixture for later use. Drink a full glass (8 ounces) of cool water right away.
Do not crush, break, or open a delayed-release capsule. Swallow the pill whole. Breaking or opening the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time. The enteric coated pill has a special coating to protect your stomach. Breaking the pill will damage this coating.
Measure liquid medicine with a special dose measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
Take this medication for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Doxycycline 15mg will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.
If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using Doxycycline 15mg. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date on the label has passed. Using expired Doxycycline 15mg can cause damage to your kidneys.
Doxycycline 15mg pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of Doxycycline 15mg in the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea is unknown.
Pharmacokinetics
Doxycycline 15mg capsules are not bioequivalent to other Doxycycline 15mg products. The pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline 15mg following oral administration of
Doxycycline 15mg was investigated in 2 volunteer studies involving 61 adults. Pharmacokinetic parameters for Doxycycline 15mg following single oral doses and at steady-state in healthy subjects are presented in Table 2.
Absorption: In a single-dose food-effect study involving administration of Doxycycline 15mg to healthy volunteers, concomitant administration with a 1000 calorie, high-fat, high-protein meal that included dairy products, resulted in a decrease in the rate and extent of absorption (Cmax and AUC) by about 45% and 22%, respectively, compared to dosing under fasted conditions. This decrease in systemic exposure can be clinically significant, and therefore if Doxycycline 15mg is taken close to meal times, it is recommended that it be taken at least one hour prior to or two hours after meals.
Distribution: Doxycycline 15mg is greater than 90% bound to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: Major metabolites of Doxycycline 15mg have not been identified. However, enzyme inducers such as barbiturates, carbamazepine, and phenytoin decrease the half-life of Doxycycline 15mg.
Excretion: Doxycycline 15mg is excreted in the urine and feces as unchanged drug. It is reported that between 29% and 55.4% of an administered dose can be accounted for in the urine by 72 hours. Terminal half-life averaged 21.2 hours in subjects receiving a single dose of Doxycycline 15mg.
Special Populations
Geriatric: Doxycycline 15mg pharmacokinetics have not been evaluated in geriatric patients.
Pediatric: Doxycycline 15mg pharmacokinetics have not been evaluated in pediatric patients.
Gender: The pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline 15mg were compared in 16 male and 14 female subjects under fed and fasted conditions. While female subjects had a higher Cmax and AUC than male subjects, these differences were thought to be due to differences in body weight/lean body mass.
Race: Differences in Doxycycline 15mg pharmacokinetics among racial groups have not been evaluated.
Renal Insufficiency: Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of Doxycycline 15mg in patients with normal and severely impaired renal function. Hemodialysis does not alter the serum half-life of Doxycycline 15mg.
Hepatic Insufficiency: Doxycycline 15mg pharmacokinetics have not been evaluated in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
Gastric Insufficiency: In a study in healthy volunteers (N=24) the bioavailability of Doxycycline 15mg is reported to be reduced at high pH. This reduced bioavailability may be clinically significant in patients with gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery or who are otherwise deemed achlorhydric.
Drug Interactions:.
Microbiology
Doxycycline 15mg is a member of the tetracycline-class of drugs. The plasma concentrations of Doxycycline 15mg achieved with Doxycycline 15mg during administration are less than the concentration required to treat bacterial diseases. Doxycycline 15mg should not be used for treating bacterial infections, providing antibacterial prophylaxis, or reducing the numbers or eliminating microorganisms associated with any bacterial disease. In vivo microbiological studies utilizing a similar drug exposure for up to 18 months demonstrated no detectable long term effects on bacterial flora of the oral cavity, skin, intestinal tract and vagina.
References
DailyMed. "DOXYCYCLINE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Doxycycline Hyclate: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
EPA DSStox. "Doxycycline: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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