Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml Actions

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Actions of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml in details

The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Microbiology: Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with a broad spectrum of activity and bactericidal action. Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, anaerobes, acid-fast bacteria and atypicals, eg Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Legionella spp.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is effective against β-lactam- and macrolide-resistant bacteria. Studies in animal models of infection have demonstrated the high in vitro activity.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections.

Gram-Positive Microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-sensitive strains); Streptococcus pneumoniae (including penicillin- and macrolide-resistant strains); Streptococcus pyogenes (group A).

Gram-Negative Microorganisms: Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-negative and -positive strains); Haemophilus parainfluenzae; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-negative and -positive strains; Escherichia coli; Enterobacter cloacae.

Atypicals: Chlamydia pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

According to in vitro studies, the following organisms are sensitive to Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml, however, the safety and effectiveness of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Gram-Positive Microorganisms: Streptococcus milleri, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis (including methicillin-sensitive strains), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus simulans, Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Gram-Negative Microorganisms: Bordetella pertussis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerens, Enterobacter intermedius, Enterobacter sakazaki, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii.

Anaerobes: Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas spp, Porphyromonas anaerobius, Porphyromonas asaccharolyticus, Porphyromonas magnus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium spp, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium ramosum.

Atypicals: Legionella pneumophila, Caxiella burnetii.

The bactericidal action results from the interference with topoisomerase II and IV. Topoisomerases are essential enzymes which control DNA topology and assist in DNA replication, repair and transcription.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml exhibits concentration-dependent bactericidal killing. Minimum bactericidal concentrations are generally similar to minimum inhibitory concentrations.

Resistance mechanisms which inactivate penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines do not interfere with the antibacterial activity of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml. There is no cross-resistance between Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml and these agents. Plasmid-mediated resistance has not been observed to date. A very low overall frequency of resistance was demonstrated (10-7 to 10-10). In vitro studies have demonstrated that resistance to Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml develops slowly by multiple-step mutations.

Serial exposure of organisms to sub-MIC concentrations of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml showed only a small increase in MIC values. Cross-resistance among quinolones has been observed. However, some gram-positive and anaerobic organisms resistant to other quinolones are susceptible to Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml.

How should I take Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml?

Take Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml only as directed by your doctor. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml comes with a Medication Guide. Read and follow the instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.

Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water. Do not split, crush or chew it. Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml may be taken with or without food.

Take Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml at the same time each day.

Drink plenty of fluids with Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml to help prevent some unwanted effects.

If you are taking aluminum or magnesium-containing antacids, iron supplements, multivitamins, didanosine (Videx®), sucralfate (Carafate®), or zinc, do not take them at the same time that you take Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml. It is best to take these medicines at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after taking Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml. These medicines may keep Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml from working properly.

Keep using Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml for the full treatment time, even if you feel better after the first few doses. Your infection may not clear up if you stop using the medicine too soon.

Dosing

The dose of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.

Missed Dose

If you miss a dose of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.

Storage

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.

Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml administration

Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Use Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml ophthalmic eye drops exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you.

Wash your hands before using the eye drops.

If you wear contact lenses, remove them before applying Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml ophthalmic. Ask your doctor if contact lenses can be reinserted after application of the medication.

To apply the eye drops:

Do not touch the dropper to any surface, including the eyes or hands. The dropper is sterile. If it becomes contaminated, it could cause an infection in the eye.

Do not use any eye drop that is discolored or has particles in it.

Store Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml ophthalmic at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the bottle properly capped.

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Absorption

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml, given as an oral tablet, is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The absolute bioavailability of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is approximately 90 percent. Co-administration with a high fat meal (i.e., 500 calories from fat) does not affect the absorption of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml.

Consumption of 1 cup of yogurt with Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml does not significantly affect the extent or rate of systemic absorption (AUC).

Mean Steady-State Plasma Concentrations of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml Obtained With Once Daily Dosing of 400 mg Either

Orally (n=10) or by I.V. Infusion (n=12)

Distribution

Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is approximately 30-50% bound to serum proteins, independent of drug concentration. The volume of distribution of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 L/kg. Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is widely distributed throughout the body, with tissue concentrations often exceeding plasma concentrations. Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml has been detected in the saliva, nasal and bronchial secretions, mucosa of the sinuses, skin blister fluid, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, and abdominal tissues and fluids following oral or intravenous administration of 400 mg. Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml concentrations measured post-dose in various tissues and fluids following a 400 mg oral or I.V. dose are summarized in the following table. The rates of elimination of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml from tissues generally parallel the elimination from plasma.

Metabolism

Approximately 52% of an oral or intravenous dose of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is metabolized via glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. The cytochrome P450 system is not involved in Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml metabolism, and is not affected by Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml. The sulfate conjugate (M1) accounts for approximately 38% of the dose, and is eliminated primarily in the feces. Approximately 14% of an oral or intravenous dose is converted to a glucuronide conjugate (M2), which is excreted exclusively in the urine. Peak plasma concentrations of M2 are approximately 40% those of the parent drug, while plasma concentrations of M1 are generally less than 10% those of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml.

In vitro studies with cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes indicate that Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml does not inhibit CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP1A2, suggesting that Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is unlikely to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

Excretion

Approximately 45% of an oral or intravenous dose of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml is excreted as unchanged drug (~20% in urine and ~25% in feces). A total of 96% ± 4% of an oral dose is excreted as either unchanged drug or known metabolites. The mean (± SD) apparent total body clearance and renal clearance are 12 ± 2 L/hr and 2.6 ± 0.5 L/hr, respectively.

Special Populations

Geriatric

Following oral administration of 400 mg Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml for 10 days in 16 elderly (8 male; 8 female) and 17 young (8 male; 9 female) healthy volunteers, there were no age-related changes in Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml pharmacokinetics. In 16 healthy male volunteers (8 young; 8 elderly) given a single 200 mg dose of oral Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml, the extent of systemic exposure (AUC and Cmax) was not statistically different between young and elderly males and elimination half-life was unchanged. No dosage adjustment is necessary based on age. In large phase III studies, the concentrations around the time of the end of the infusion in elderly patients following intravenous infusion of 400 mg were similar to those observed in young patients.

Pediatric

The pharmacokinetics of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml in pediatric subjects have not been studied.

Gender

Following oral administration of 400 mg Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml daily for 10 days to 23 healthy males (19-75 years) and 24 healthy females (19-70 years), the mean AUC and Cmax were 8% and 16% higher, respectively, in females compared to males. There are no significant differences in Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml pharmacokinetics between male and female subjects when differences in body weight are taken into consideration.

A 400 mg single dose study was conducted in 18 young males and females. The comparison of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml pharmacokinetics in this study (9 young females and 9 young males) showed no differences in AUC or Cmax due to gender. Dosage adjustments based on gender are not necessary.

Race

Steady-state Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml pharmacokinetics in male Japanese subjects were similar to those determined in Caucasians, with a mean Cmax of 4.1 µg/mL, an AUC24 of 47 µg•h/mL, and an elimination half-life of 14 hours, following 400 mg p.o. daily.

Renal Insufficiency

The pharmacokinetic parameters of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml are not significantly altered in mild, moderate, severe, or end-stage renal disease. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment, including those patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

In a single oral dose study of 24 patients with varying degrees of renal function from normal to severely impaired, the mean peak concentrations (Cmax) of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml were reduced by 21% and 28% in the patients with moderate (CLCR≥ 30 and ≤ 60 mL/min) and severe (CLCRless than30 mL/min) renal impairment, respectively. The mean systemic exposure (AUC) in these patients was increased by 13%. In the moderate and severe renally impaired patients, the mean AUC for the sulfate conjugate (M1) increased by 1.7-fold (ranging up to 2.8-fold) and mean AUC and Cmax for the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by 2.8-fold (ranging up to 4.8-fold) and 1.4-fold (ranging up to 2.5-fold), respectively.

The pharmacokinetics of single dose and multiple dose Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml were studied in patients with CLCRless than 20 mL/min on either hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (8 HD, 8 CAPD). Following a single 400 mg oral dose, the AUC of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml in these HD and CAPD patients did not vary significantly from the AUC generally found in healthy volunteers. Cmax values of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml were reduced by about 45% and 33% in HD and CAPD patients, respectively, compared to healthy, historical controls. The exposure (AUC) to the sulfate conjugate (M1) increased by 1.4- to 1.5-fold in these patients. The mean AUC of the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by a factor of 7.5, whereas the mean Cmax values of the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by a factor of 2.5 to 3, compared to healthy subjects. The sulfate and the glucuronide conjugates of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml are not microbiologically active, and the clinical implication of increased exposure to these metabolites in patients with renal disease including those undergoing HD and CAPD has not been studied.

Oral administration of 400 mg QD Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml for 7 days to patients on HD or CAPD produced mean systemic exposure (AUCss) to Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml similar to that generally seen in healthy volunteers. Steady-state Cmax values were about 22% lower in HD patients but were comparable between CAPD patients and healthy volunteers. Both HD and CAPD removed only small amounts of Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml from the body (approximately 9% by HD, and 3% by CAPD). HD and CAPD also removed about 4% and 2% of the glucuronide metabolite (M2), respectively.

Hepatic Insufficiency

No dosage adjustment is recommended for mild, moderate, or severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh Classes A, B, or C). However, due to metabolic disturbances associated with hepatic insufficiency, which may lead to QT prolongation, Moxifloxacin Kabi 400mg/250ml should be used with caution in these patients. (See



References

  1. NCIt. "Moxifloxacin: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  2. EPA DSStox. "Moxifloxacin: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).

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