Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets Actions

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Actions of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets in details

The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets binds to Nicotinate D-ribonucleotide phyrophsopate phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinate N-methyltransferase and the Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets receptor. Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets is the precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are vital cofactors for dozens of enzymes. The mechanism by which Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets exerts its lipid lowering effects is not entirely understood, but may involve several actions, including a decrease in esterification of hepatic triglycerides. Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets treatment also decreases the serum levels of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B), the major protein component of the VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL fractions.

How should I take Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets?

Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets is sometimes taken at bedtime with a low-fat snack. Follow your doctor's instructions.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets can cause certain side effects, such as flushing (warmth, itching, redness, or tingly feeling under your skin). These effects can be made worse if you drink alcohol or hot beverages shortly after you take Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets. These effects should disappear over time as you keep taking the medication.

Take Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets with a full glass of cold or cool water. Taking the medication with a hot drink may increase your risk of side effects such as flushing.

Do not crush, chew, break, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule. Swallow it whole. Breaking or opening the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets and capsules contain higher strengths of the medicine than the regular Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets tablets. Take only the dose that is correct for the type of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets tablet or capsule you are using.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests (urine tests). Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets.

If you stop taking Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets for any length of time, talk with your doctor before starting the medication again. You may need to restart the medication at a lower dose.

While using Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets, you may need blood tests at your doctor's office. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be checked. Visit your doctor regularly.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets is only part of a complete program of treatment that may also include diet, exercise, weight control, and other medications. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets administration

Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Administer with food. To attenuate flushing symptoms, may premedicate with aspirin 30 minutes before dose; avoid ingestion of alcohol, hot or spicy foods/liquids concurrently with Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets. May also use other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent flushing according to the manufacturer.

Niaspan: Administer at bedtime after a low-fat snack. Two of the 500 mg and one of the 1,000 mg tablet strengths are interchangeable, but three of the 500 mg and two of the 750 mg tablet strengths are not interchangeable. When switching from IR tablet, initiate Niaspan with the recommended titration schedule. If therapy is interrupted for an extended period, dose should be retitrated.

Long-acting forms should not be crushed, broken, or chewed. Slo-Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets may be broken along the score line. Do not substitute long-acting forms for immediate release ones.

Bariatric surgery: Capsule and tablet, extended release: Some institutions may have specific protocols that conflict with these recommendations; refer to institutional protocols as appropriate. ER formulations should be swallowed whole. Do not chew or crush. If safety and efficacy of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets can be effectively monitored, no change in formulation or administration is required after bariatric surgery. Bariatric vitamin supplementation is recommended on a lifelong basis after surgery; consider integration of daily Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets regimen into the bariatric vitamin regimen.

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism of Action

The mechanism by which Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets alters lipid profiles has not been well defined. It may involve several actions including partial inhibition of release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity, which may increase the rate of chylomicron triglyceride removal from plasma. Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets decreases the rate of hepatic synthesis of VLDL and LDL, and does not appear to affect fecal excretion of fats, sterols, or bile acids.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Due to extensive and saturable first-pass metabolism, Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets concentrations in the general circulation are dose dependent and highly variable. Time to reach the maximum Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets plasma concentrations was about 5 hours following Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets. To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) upset, administration of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets with a low-fat meal or snack is recommended.

Single-dose bioavailability studies have demonstrated that the 500 mg and 1000 mg tablet strengths are dosage form equivalent but the 500 mg and 750 mg tablet strengths are not dosage form equivalent.

Metabolism

The pharmacokinetic profile of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets is complicated due to extensive first-pass metabolism that is dose-rate specific and, at the doses used to treat dyslipidemia, saturable. In humans, one pathway is through a simple conjugation step with glycine to form nicotinuric acid (NUA). NUA is then excreted in the urine, although there may be a small amount of reversible metabolism back to Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets. The other pathway results in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It is unclear whether nicotinamide is formed as a precursor to, or following the synthesis of, NAD. Nicotinamide is further metabolized to at least N-methylnicotinamide (MNA) and nicotinamide-N-oxide (NNO). MNA is further metabolized to two other compounds, N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) and N-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4PY). The formation of 2PY appears to predominate over 4PY in humans. At the doses used to treat hyperlipidemia, these metabolic pathways are saturable, which explains the nonlinear relationship between Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets dose and plasma concentrations following multiple-dose Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablet administration.

Nicotinamide does not have hypolipidemic activity; the activity of the other metabolites is unknown.

Elimination

Following single and multiple doses, approximately 60 to 76% of the Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets dose administered as Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets was recovered in urine as Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets and metabolites; up to 12% was recovered as unchanged Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets after multiple dosing. The ratio of metabolites recovered in the urine was dependent on the dose administered.

Pediatric Use

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population (≤ 16 years).

Geriatric Use

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population (> 65 years).

Renal Impairment

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population. Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets should be used with caution in patients with renal disease.

Hepatic Impairment

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population. Active liver disease, unexplained transaminase elevations and significant or unexplained hepatic dysfunction are contraindications to the use of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets.

Gender

Steady-state plasma concentrations of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets and metabolites after administration of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets are generally higher in women than in men, with the magnitude of the difference varying with dose and metabolite. This gender difference observed in plasma levels of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets and its metabolites may be due to gender-specific differences in metabolic rate or volume of distribution. Recovery of Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets and metabolites in urine, however, is generally similar for men and women, indicating that absorption is similar for both genders.

Drug Interactions

Fluvastatin

Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets did not affect fluvastatin pharmacokinetics.

Lovastatin

When Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets 2000 mg and lovastatin 40 mg were co-administered, Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets increased lovastatin Cmax and AUC by 2% and 14%, respectively, and decreased lovastatin acid Cmax and AUC by 22% and 2%, respectively. Lovastatin reduced Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablet bioavailability by 2 to 3%.

Simvastatin

When Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets 2000 mg and simvastatin 40 mg were co-administered, Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablets increased simvastatin Cmax and AUC by 1% and 9%, respectively, and simvastatin acid Cmax and AUC by 2% and 18%, respectively. Simvastatin reduced Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets extended-release tablet bioavailability by 2%.

Bile Acid Sequestrants

An in vitro study was carried out investigating the Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets-binding capacity of colestipol and cholestyramine. About 98% of available Niaspan Controlled-Release Tablets was bound to colestipol, with 10 to 30% binding to cholestyramine.



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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology

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