The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Pharmacology:Mechanism of Action:Omeprazolum Stirol is a specific inhibitor of a gastric proton pump in the parietal cell and thus, reduces the secretion of gastric acid. Reversible control of gastric acid secretion is produced with a single daily doses of Omeprazolum Stirol. Omeprazolum Stirol is a weak base, which is concentrated in the intracellular canaliculi of the parietal cell. Due to acidic environment in these cells, Omeprazolum Stirol is converted to the active form, where it acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme H+, K+ -ATPase the proton pump. There is a dose dependency on this final step in the formation of gastric acid, which provides for effective inhibition of the secretion of both basal acid stimulated acid irrespective of the secretory enhancer. When Omeprazolum Stirol is given daily as a single oral dose, the gastric acid secretion is inhibited with a maximum effect reached within 4 days of treatment in patients with duodenal ulcers, a mean decrease of approximately 80% in intragastric acidity is then maintained over a 24-hr period, with the mean decrease in peak acid output after pentagastrin stimulation being approximately 70%, 24 hrs after initiating treatment with Omeprazolum Stirol.
Pharmacokinetics: Due to the acid lability of Omeprazolum Stirol, the oral formulation consists of enteric-coated granules in capsules. Omeprazolum Stirol is usually completely absorbed from the small intestine within 3-6 hrs. After a single oral dose, the systemic bioavailability of Omeprazolum Stirol is approximately 35% which can be increased to about 60% after a repeated once-daily administration.
The simultaneous intake of food has no influence on the bioavailability. Omeprazolum Stirol is approximately 95% bound to plasma proteins. The average terminal phase t½ of the plasma concentration-time curve is approximately 40 min. There is no change in t½ during treatment. The inhibition of acid secretion is related to the AUC and not to the actual plasma concentration at a given time.
Omeprazolum Stirol is completely metabolized mainly in the liver. The sulfone and hydroxyl Omeprazolum Stirol are metabolites detected in plasma. These metabolites are inactive and have no significant effect on acid secretion. Approximately 80% of the metabolites are excreted in the urine and the balance in the feces. The 2 main metabolites in the urine are hydroxy-Omeprazolum Stirol and the corresponding carboxylic acid.
There is no significant change in the systemic bioavailability of Omeprazolum Stirol in patients with impaired renal function. Although the AUC is increased in patients with reduced liver function, no apparent accumulation of Omeprazolum Stirol has been found.
How should I take Omeprazolum Stirol?
Omeprazolum Stirol is usually taken before eating (at least 1 hour before a meal). Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Omeprazolum Stirol OTC (over-the-counter) should be taken only once every 24 hours for 14 days. Take the medicine in the morning before you eat breakfast. It may take up to 4 days for full effect. Do not take more than one tablet every 24 hours.
Allow at least 4 months to pass before you start another 14-day treatment with Omeprazolum Stirol OTC. Call your doctor if you have additional symptoms and need treatment before the 4 months has passed.
Do not crush, chew, or break a delayed release tablet, or a Omeprazolum Stirol OTC tablet. Swallow the tablet whole.
You may open the delayed-release capsule and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of applesauce to make swallowing easier. Swallow the mixture right away without chewing. Do not save for later use.
Use Omeprazolum Stirol for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before your condition is completely cleared.
If you use Omeprazolum Stirol for longer than 3 years, you could develop a vitamin B-12 deficiency. Talk to your doctor about how to manage this condition if you develop it.
Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse while using Omeprazolum Stirol.
Some conditions are treated with a combination of Omeprazolum Stirol and antibiotics. Use all medications as directed by your doctor. Read the medication guide or patient instructions provided with each medication. Do not change your doses or medication schedule without your doctor's advice.
This medicine can cause unusual results with certain medical tests, and you may need to stop using the medicine for a short time before a test. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Omeprazolum Stirol.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Omeprazolum Stirol administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Omeprazolum Stirol is usually taken before eating. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Omeprazolum Stirol OTC (over-the-counter) should be taken only once every 24 hours for 14 days. Take the medicine in the morning before you eat breakfast. It may take up to 4 days for full effect. Do not take more than one tablet every 24 hours.
Allow at least 4 months to pass before you start another 14-day treatment with Omeprazolum Stirol OTC. Call your doctor if you have additional symptoms and need treatment before the 4 months has passed.
Do not crush, chew, or break an enteric coated pill, or a Omeprazolum Stirol OTC tablet. Swallow the pill whole.
You may open the delayed-release capsule and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of applesauce to make swallowing easier. Swallow the mixture right away without chewing. Do not save for later use.
Dissolve the powder in a small amount of water. Use 1 teaspoon of water for the 2.5-mg packet, or 1 Tablespoon of water for the 10-mg packet. Let the mixture stand for 2 or 3 minutes, then stir and drink right away. To make sure you get the entire dose, add a little more water to the same glass, swirl gently and drink right away.
This mixture can also be given through a nasogastric (NG) feeding tube using only a catheter-tipped syringe. Shake the syringe well, then attach it to the NG tube and push the plunger down to empty the syringe into the tube. Refill the syringe with water and flush the tube to wash the contents down.
Use this medication for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared.
Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse while using Omeprazolum Stirol.
Some conditions are treated with a combination of Omeprazolum Stirol and antibiotics. Use all medications as directed by your doctor. Read the medication guide or patient instructions provided with each medication. Do not change your doses or medication schedule without your doctor's advice.
This medication can cause unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Omeprazolum Stirol.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Omeprazolum Stirol pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism Of Action
Omeprazolum Stirol belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the HDefined as complete resolution of heartburn
*(p < 0.005) versus 10 mg
†(p < 0.005) versus placebo
Erosive Esophagitis
In a U.S. multicenter double-blind placebo controlled study of 20 mg or 40 mg of Omeprazolum Stirol Delayed-Release Capsules in patients with symptoms of GERD and endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis of grade 2 or above, the percentage healing rates (per protocol) were as follows:
Week
20 mg Omeprazolum Stirol
(n = 83)
40 mg Omeprazolum Stirol
(n = 87)
Placebo
(n = 43)
4
39**
45**
7
8
74**
75**
14
** (p < 0.01) Omeprazolum Stirol versus placebo.
In this study, the 40 mg dose was not superior to the 20 mg dose of Omeprazolum Stirol in the percentage healing rate. Other controlled clinical trials have also shown that Omeprazolum Stirol is effective in severe GERD. In comparisons with histamine H2-receptor antagonists in patients with erosive esophagitis, grade 2 or above, Omeprazolum Stirol in a dose of 20 mg was significantly more effective than the active controls. Complete daytime and nighttime heartburn relief occurred significantly faster (p < 0.01) in patients treated with Omeprazolum Stirol than in those taking placebo or histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
In this and five other controlled GERD studies, significantly more patients taking 20 mg Omeprazolum Stirol (84%) reported complete relief of GERD symptoms than patients receiving placebo (12%).
Long-Term Maintenance Of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
In a U.S. double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled study, two dose regimens of Omeprazolum Stirol were studied in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed esophagitis. Results to determine maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis are shown below.
Life Table Analysis
Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg once daily
(n = 138)
Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg 3 days per week
(n = 137)
Placebo
(n = 131)
Percent in endoscopic remission at 6 months
*
34
11
*(p < 0.01) Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg once daily versus Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg 3 consecutive days per week or placebo.
In an international multicenter double-blind study, Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg daily and 10 mg daily were compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed esophagitis. The table below provides the results of this study for maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis.
Life Table Analysis
Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg once daily
(n = 131)
Omeprazolum Stirol 10 mg once daily
(n = 133)
Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily
(n = 128)
Percent in endoscopic remission at 12 months
*77
‡58
46
* (p = 0.01) Omeprazolum Stirol 20 mg once daily versus Omeprazolum Stirol 10 mg once daily or Ranitidine.
‡ (p = 0.03) Omeprazolum Stirol 10 mg once daily versus Ranitidine.
In patients who initially had grades 3 or 4 erosive esophagitis, for maintenance after healing 20 mg daily of Omeprazolum Stirol was effective, while 10 mg did not demonstrate effectiveness.
Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions
In open studies of 136 patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome with or without multiple endocrine adenomas, Omeprazolum Stirol Delayed-Release Capsules significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion and controlled associated symptoms of diarrhea, anorexia, and pain. Doses ranging from 20 mg every other day to 360 mg per day maintained basal acid secretion below 10 mEq/hr in patients without prior gastric surgery, and below 5 mEq/hr in patients with prior gastric surgery.
Initial doses were titrated to the individual patient need, and adjustments were necessary with time in some patients. Omeprazolum Stirol was well tolerated at these high dose levels for prolonged periods ( > 5 years in some patients). In most ZE patients, serum gastrin levels were not modified by Omeprazolum Stirol. However, in some patients serum gastrin increased to levels greater than those present prior to initiation of Omeprazolum Stirol therapy. At least 11 patients with ZE syndrome on long-term treatment with Omeprazolum Stirol developed gastric carcinoids. These findings are believed to be a manifestation of the underlying condition, which is known to be associated with such tumors, rather than the result of the administration of Omeprazolum Stirol.
Pediatric GERD
Symptomatic GERD
The effectiveness of Omeprazolum Stirol for the treatment of nonerosive GERD in pediatric patients 1 to 16 years of age is based in part on data obtained from 125 pediatric patients in two uncontrolled Phase III studies.
The first study enrolled 12 pediatric patients 1 to 2 years of age with a history of clinically diagnosed GERD. Patients were administered a single dose of Omeprazolum Stirol (0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, or 1.5 mg/kg) for 8 weeks as an open capsule in 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution. Seventy-five percent (9/12) of the patients had vomiting/regurgitation episodes decreased from baseline by at least 50%.
The second study enrolled 113 pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with a history of symptoms suggestive of nonerosive GERD. Patients were administered a single dose of Omeprazolum Stirol (10 mg or 20 mg, based on body weight) for 4 weeks either as an intact capsule or as an open capsule in applesauce. Successful response was defined as no moderate or severe episodes of either pain-related symptoms or vomiting/regurgitation during the last 4 days of treatment. Results showed success rates of 60% (9/15; 10 mg Omeprazolum Stirol) and 59% (58/98; 20 mg Omeprazolum Stirol), respectively.
Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
In an uncontrolled, open-label dose-titration study, healing of erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients 1 to 16 years of age required doses that ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 mg/kg/day (80 mg/day). Doses were initiated at 0.7 mg/kg/day. Doses were increased in increments of 0.7 mg/kg/day (if intraesophageal pH showed a pH of < 4 for less than 6% of a 24-hour study). After titration, patients remained on treatment for 3 months. Forty-four percent of the patients were healed on a dose of 0.7 mg/kg body weight; most of the remaining patients were healed with 1.4 mg/kg after an additional 3 months' treatment. Erosive esophagitis was healed in 51 of 57 (90%) children who completed the first course of treatment in the healing phase of the study. In addition, after 3 months of treatment, 33% of the children had no overall symptoms, 57% had mild reflux symptoms, and 40% had less frequent regurgitation/vomiting.
Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
In an uncontrolled, open-label study of maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis in 46 pediatric patients, 54% of patients required half the healing dose. The remaining patients increased the healing dose (0.7 to a maximum of 2.8 mg/kg/day) either for the entire maintenance period, or returned to half the dose before completion. Of the 46 patients who entered the maintenance phase, 19 (41%) had no relapse. In addition, maintenance therapy in erosive esophagitis patients resulted in 63% of patients having no overall symptoms.
REFERENCES
1. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically—Fifth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A5, Vol, 20, No. 2, NCCLS, Wayne, PA, January 2000.
References
DailyMed. "OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Omeprazole Magnesium: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
EPA DSStox. "Omeprazole: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology
