The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Pellagra Preventive Factor binds to Nicotinate D-ribonucleotide phyrophsopate phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinate N-methyltransferase and the Pellagra Preventive Factor receptor. Pellagra Preventive Factor is the precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are vital cofactors for dozens of enzymes. The mechanism by which Pellagra Preventive Factor exerts its lipid lowering effects is not entirely understood, but may involve several actions, including a decrease in esterification of hepatic triglycerides. Pellagra Preventive Factor treatment also decreases the serum levels of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B), the major protein component of the VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL fractions.
How should I take Pellagra Preventive Factor?
Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Pellagra Preventive Factor is sometimes taken at bedtime with a low-fat snack. Follow your doctor's instructions.
Pellagra Preventive Factor can cause certain side effects, such as flushing (warmth, itching, redness, or tingly feeling under your skin). These effects can be made worse if you drink alcohol or hot beverages shortly after you take Pellagra Preventive Factor. These effects should disappear over time as you keep taking the medication.
Take Pellagra Preventive Factor with a full glass of cold or cool water. Taking the medication with a hot drink may increase your risk of side effects such as flushing.
Do not crush, chew, break, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule. Swallow it whole. Breaking or opening the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.
Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets and capsules contain higher strengths of the medicine than the regular Pellagra Preventive Factor tablets. Take only the dose that is correct for the type of Pellagra Preventive Factor tablet or capsule you are using.
Pellagra Preventive Factor can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests (urine tests). Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Pellagra Preventive Factor.
If you stop taking Pellagra Preventive Factor for any length of time, talk with your doctor before starting the medication again. You may need to restart the medication at a lower dose.
While using Pellagra Preventive Factor, you may need blood tests at your doctor's office. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be checked. Visit your doctor regularly.
Pellagra Preventive Factor is only part of a complete program of treatment that may also include diet, exercise, weight control, and other medications. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Pellagra Preventive Factor administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Administer with food. To attenuate flushing symptoms, may premedicate with aspirin 30 minutes before dose; avoid ingestion of alcohol, hot or spicy foods/liquids concurrently with Pellagra Preventive Factor. May also use other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent flushing according to the manufacturer.
Niaspan: Administer at bedtime after a low-fat snack. Two of the 500 mg and one of the 1,000 mg tablet strengths are interchangeable, but three of the 500 mg and two of the 750 mg tablet strengths are not interchangeable. When switching from IR tablet, initiate Niaspan with the recommended titration schedule. If therapy is interrupted for an extended period, dose should be retitrated.
Long-acting forms should not be crushed, broken, or chewed. Slo-Pellagra Preventive Factor may be broken along the score line. Do not substitute long-acting forms for immediate release ones.
Bariatric surgery: Capsule and tablet, extended release: Some institutions may have specific protocols that conflict with these recommendations; refer to institutional protocols as appropriate. ER formulations should be swallowed whole. Do not chew or crush. If safety and efficacy of Pellagra Preventive Factor can be effectively monitored, no change in formulation or administration is required after bariatric surgery. Bariatric vitamin supplementation is recommended on a lifelong basis after surgery; consider integration of daily Pellagra Preventive Factor regimen into the bariatric vitamin regimen.
Pellagra Preventive Factor pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism of Action
The mechanism by which Pellagra Preventive Factor alters lipid profiles has not been well defined. It may involve several actions including partial inhibition of release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity, which may increase the rate of chylomicron triglyceride removal from plasma. Pellagra Preventive Factor decreases the rate of hepatic synthesis of VLDL and LDL, and does not appear to affect fecal excretion of fats, sterols, or bile acids.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Due to extensive and saturable first-pass metabolism, Pellagra Preventive Factor concentrations in the general circulation are dose dependent and highly variable. Time to reach the maximum Pellagra Preventive Factor plasma concentrations was about 5 hours following Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets. To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) upset, administration of Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets with a low-fat meal or snack is recommended.
Single-dose bioavailability studies have demonstrated that the 500 mg and 1000 mg tablet strengths are dosage form equivalent but the 500 mg and 750 mg tablet strengths are not dosage form equivalent.
Metabolism
The pharmacokinetic profile of Pellagra Preventive Factor is complicated due to extensive first-pass metabolism that is dose-rate specific and, at the doses used to treat dyslipidemia, saturable. In humans, one pathway is through a simple conjugation step with glycine to form nicotinuric acid (NUA). NUA is then excreted in the urine, although there may be a small amount of reversible metabolism back to Pellagra Preventive Factor. The other pathway results in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It is unclear whether nicotinamide is formed as a precursor to, or following the synthesis of, NAD. Nicotinamide is further metabolized to at least N-methylnicotinamide (MNA) and nicotinamide-N-oxide (NNO). MNA is further metabolized to two other compounds, N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) and N-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4PY). The formation of 2PY appears to predominate over 4PY in humans. At the doses used to treat hyperlipidemia, these metabolic pathways are saturable, which explains the nonlinear relationship between Pellagra Preventive Factor dose and plasma concentrations following multiple-dose Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablet administration.
Nicotinamide does not have hypolipidemic activity; the activity of the other metabolites is unknown.
Elimination
Following single and multiple doses, approximately 60 to 76% of the Pellagra Preventive Factor dose administered as Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets was recovered in urine as Pellagra Preventive Factor and metabolites; up to 12% was recovered as unchanged Pellagra Preventive Factor after multiple dosing. The ratio of metabolites recovered in the urine was dependent on the dose administered.
Pediatric Use
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population (≤ 16 years).
Geriatric Use
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population (> 65 years).
Renal Impairment
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population. Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets should be used with caution in patients with renal disease.
Hepatic Impairment
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in this population. Active liver disease, unexplained transaminase elevations and significant or unexplained hepatic dysfunction are contraindications to the use of Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets.
Gender
Steady-state plasma concentrations of Pellagra Preventive Factor and metabolites after administration of Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets are generally higher in women than in men, with the magnitude of the difference varying with dose and metabolite. This gender difference observed in plasma levels of Pellagra Preventive Factor and its metabolites may be due to gender-specific differences in metabolic rate or volume of distribution. Recovery of Pellagra Preventive Factor and metabolites in urine, however, is generally similar for men and women, indicating that absorption is similar for both genders.
Drug Interactions
Fluvastatin
Pellagra Preventive Factor did not affect fluvastatin pharmacokinetics.
Lovastatin
When Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets 2000 mg and lovastatin 40 mg were co-administered, Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets increased lovastatin Cmax and AUC by 2% and 14%, respectively, and decreased lovastatin acid Cmax and AUC by 22% and 2%, respectively. Lovastatin reduced Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablet bioavailability by 2 to 3%.
Simvastatin
When Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets 2000 mg and simvastatin 40 mg were co-administered, Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablets increased simvastatin Cmax and AUC by 1% and 9%, respectively, and simvastatin acid Cmax and AUC by 2% and 18%, respectively. Simvastatin reduced Pellagra Preventive Factor extended-release tablet bioavailability by 2%.
Bile Acid Sequestrants
An in vitro study was carried out investigating the Pellagra Preventive Factor-binding capacity of colestipol and cholestyramine. About 98% of available Pellagra Preventive Factor was bound to colestipol, with 10 to 30% binding to cholestyramine.
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