Ronecard Uses

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What is Ronecard?

Ronecard is an antiarrhythmic medication that affects the rhythm of heartbeats.

Ronecard is used to help keep the heart beating normally in people with life-threatening heart rhythm disorders of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart that allow blood to flow out of the heart). Ronecard is used to treat or prevent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.

Ronecard injection is for use only in life-threatening situations.

Ronecard may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Ronecard indications

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Because of its life-threatening side effects and the substantial management difficulties associated with its use, Ronecard® (Ronecard hydrochloride) Tablets are indicated only for the treatment of the following documented, life-threatening recurrent ventricular arrhythmias when these have not responded to documented adequate doses of other available antiarrhythmics or when alternative agents could not be tolerated.

1. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation.

2. Recurrent hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia.

As is the case for other antiarrhythmic agents, there is no evidence from controlled trials that the use of Ronecard hydrochloride tablets favorably affects survival.

Ronecard® (Ronecard hydrochloride) Tablets should be used only by physicians familiar with and with access to (directly or through referral) the use of all available modalities for treating recurrent life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and who have access to appropriate monitoring facilities, including in-hospital and ambulatory continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and electrophysiologic techniques. Because of the life-threatening nature of the arrhythmias treated, potential interactions with prior therapy, and potential exacerbation of the arrhythmia, initiation of therapy with Ronecard® (Ronecard hydrochloride) Tablets should be carried out in the hospital.

How should I use Ronecard?

Use Ronecard as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Ronecard.

Uses of Ronecard in details

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Use: Labeled Indications

Ventricular arrhythmias: Management of life-threatening recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) or recurrent hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to other antiarrhythmic agents or in patients intolerant of other agents used for these conditions

Off Label Uses

Atrial fibrillation

Based on the 2014 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACC/HRS) guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the use of Ronecard for rate or rhythm control of AF is an effective and recommended treatment option. Due to its adverse effect profile, Ronecard should be reserved for patients in whom other therapies (eg, beta-blockers or nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists) are unsuccessful or contraindicated.

Electrical storm and incessant ventricular tachycardia, hemodynamically stable

Based on the AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death, Ronecard is an effective option in the management of electrical storm and incessant ventricular tachycardia (VT).

Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, symptomatic

Based on the AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death and the European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Rhythm Society/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias, Ronecard is a treatment option for symptomatic, nonsustained VT. A beta-blocker or nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (eg, diltiazem) is recommended prior to starting antiarrhythmic agents for this use.

Pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibrillation to and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm

Based on the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with AF, the use of Ronecard for pharmacologic conversion of AF to and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm is effective and recommended for this condition.

Prevention of implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks

Data from a small double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial and data from a prospective observational trial support the use of Ronecard for preventing implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks in patients who require these devices.

Ronecard description

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Ronecard solution for injection also contains the following excipients: Polysorbate 80, benzyl alcohol, water for injection. Excipient with Known Effect: Benzyl alcohol.

Ronecard dosage

Ronecard shows considerable inter-individual variation in response. Thus, although a starting dose adequate to suppress life-threatening arrhythmias is needed, close monitoring with adjustment of dose as needed is essential. The recommended starting dose of intravenous Ronecard is about 1000 mg over the first 24 hours of therapy, delivered by the following infusion regimen:

Ronecard HCI INJECTION DOSE RECOMMENDATIONS

- FIRST 24 HOURS -

Loading infusions First Rapid: 150 mg over the FIRST 10 minutes (15 mg/min).
Add 3 mL of Ronecard HCl Injection (150 mg) to 100 mL D5W (concentration = 1.5 mg/mL). Infuse 100 mL over 10 minutes.
Followed by Slow: 360 mg over the NEXT 6 hours (1 mg/min).
Add 18 mL of Ronecard HCl Injection (900 mg) to 500 mL D5W (concentration = 1.8 mg/mL).
Maintenance infusion 540 mg over the REMAINING 18 hours (0.5 mg/min).
Decrease the rate of the slow loading infusion to 0.5 mg/min.

After the first 24 hours, the maintenance infusion rate of 0.5 mg/min (720 mg/24 hours) should be continued utilizing a concentration of 1 to 6 mg/mL (Ronecard HCl injection concentrations greater than 2 mg/mL should be administered via a central venous catheter). In the event of breakthrough episodes of VF or hemodynamically unstable VT, 150 mg supplemental infusions of Ronecard HCl injection mixed in 100 mL of D5W may be administered. Such infusions should be administered over 10 minutes to minimize the potential for hypotension. The rate of the maintenance infusion may be increased to achieve effective arrhythmia suppression.

The first 24-hour dose may be individualized for each patient; however, in controlled clinical trials, mean daily doses above 2100 mg were associated with an increased risk of hypotension. The initial infusion rate should not exceed 30 mg/min.

Based on the experience from clinical studies of Ronecard injection, a maintenance infusion of up to 0.5 mg/min can be cautiously continued for 2 to 3 weeks regardless of the patient's age, renal function, or left ventricular function. There has been limited experience in patients receiving Ronecard injection for longer than 3 weeks.

The surface properties of solutions containing injectable Ronecard are altered such that the drop size may be reduced. This reduction may lead to underdosage of the patient by up to 30% if drop counter infusion sets are used. Ronecard injection must be delivered by a volumetric infusion pump.

Ronecard injection should, whenever possible, be administered through a central venous catheter dedicated to that purpose. An in-line filter should be used during administration.

Ronecard injection loading infusions at much higher concentrations and rates of infusion much faster than recommended have resulted in hepatocellular necrosis and acute renal failure, leading to death.

Ronecard HCl injection concentrations greater than 3 mg/mL in D5W have been associated with a high incidence of peripheral vein phlebitis; however, concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL or less appear to be less irritating. Therefore, for infusions longer than 1 hour, Ronecard HCl injection concentrations should not exceed 2 mg/mL unless a central venous catheter is used.

Ronecard HCl injection infusions exceeding 2 hours must be administered in glass or polyolefin bottles containing D5W. Use of evacuated glass containers for admixing Ronecard HCl injection is not recommended as incompatibility with a buffer in the container may cause precipitation.

It is well known that Ronecard adsorbs to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing and the clinical trial dose administration schedule was designed to account for this adsorption. All of the clinical trials were conducted using PVC tubing and its use is therefore recommended. The concentrations and rates of infusion provided in DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION reflect doses identified in these studies. It is important that the recommended infusion regimen be followed closely.

Intravenous Ronecard has been found to leach out plasticizers, including DEHP [di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] from intravenous tubing (including PVC tubing). The degree of leaching increases when infusing intravenous Ronecard at higher concentrations and lower flow rates than provided in dosage and Administration.

Intravenous Ronecard does not need to be protected from light during administration.

Ronecard HCl SOLUTION STABILITY

Solution Concentration

(mg/mL)

Container Comments
5% Dextrose in Water (DW 3 mg/mL Precipitate

Intravenous to

Oral Transition

Patients whose arrhythmias have been suppressed by intravenous Ronecard may be switched to oral Ronecard. The optimal dose for changing from intravenous to oral administration of Ronecard will depend on the dose of intravenous Ronecard already administered, as well as the bioavailability of oral Ronecard. When changing to oral Ronecard therapy, clinical monitoring is recommended, particularly for elderly patients.

Since there are some differences between the safety and efficacy profiles of the intravenous and oral formulations, the prescriber is advised to review the package insert for oral Ronecard when switching from intravenous to oral Ronecard therapy.

Since grapefruit juice is known to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of oral Ronecard in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in increased plasma levels of Ronecard, grapefruit juice should not be taken during treatment with oral Ronecard.

The following table provides suggested doses of oral Ronecard to be initiated after varying durations of intravenous Ronecard administration. These recommendations are made on the basis of a comparable total body amount of Ronecard delivered by the intravenous and oral routes, based on 50% bioavailability of oral Ronecard.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ORAL DOSAGE AFTER I.V. INFUSION

Duration of Ronecard injection Infusion# Initial Daily Dose of

Oral Ronecard

< 1 week 800-1600 mg
1-3 weeks 600-800 mg
> 3 weeks* 400 mg
# Assuming a 720 mg/day infusion (0.5 mg/min).

* Ronecard Injection is not intended for maintenance treatment.

How supplied

Ronecard Hydrochloride Injection, is supplied as:

NDC Syringe Packaging Factor
25021-302-73 Ronecard Hydrochloride Injection 150 mg/3 mL (50 mg/mL) in 3 mL Single Use Syringe 10 Single Use Syringes per Carton

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). Protect from light. Avoid excessive heat. Do not freeze.

Use carton to protect contents from light until used. LATEX-FREE

Mfg. for SAGENT Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL 60195 (USA). Mfg. by Gland Pharma, India. April 2008. FDA revision date: 2/4/2004

Ronecard interactions

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What other drugs will affect Ronecard?

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In view of the long and variable half-life of Ronecard, potential for drug interactions exists, not only with concomitant medication, but also with drugs administered after discontinuation of Ronecard.

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

Drugs Inducing TdP or Prolonging QT

Co-administration of Ronecard with drugs known to prolong the QT interval (such as class I and III antiarrhythmics, lithium, certain phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, certain fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotics, IV pentamidine, and azole antifungals) increases the risk of Torsades de Points. Avoid concomitant use of drugs that prolong the QT interval.

Drugs Lowering Heart Rate Or Causing Automaticity Or Conduction Disorders

Concomitant use of drugs with depressant effects on the sinus and AV node (e.g., digoxin, beta blockers, verapamil, diltiazem, clonidine) can potentiate the electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of Ronecard, resulting in bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV block. Monitor heart rate in patients on Ronecard and concomitant drugs that slow heart rate.

Pharmocokinetic Interactions

Effects Of Other Medicinal Products On Ronecard

Since Ronecard is a substrate for CYP3A and CYP2C8, drugs/substances that inhibit CYP3A (e.g., certain protease inhibitors, loratadine, cimetidine, trazodone) may decrease the metabolism and increase serum concentrations of Ronecard. Concomitant use of CYP3A inducers (rifampin, St. John's Wort), may lead to decreased serum concentrations and loss of efficacy. Consider serial measurement of Ronecard serum concentration during concomitant use of drugs affecting CYP3A activity.

Grapefruit juice given to healthy volunteers increased Ronecard AUC by 50% and C by 84%, and decreased DEA to unquantifiable concentrations. Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A-mediated metabolism of oral Ronecard in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in increased plasma levels of Ronecard; therefore, grapefruit juice should not be taken during treatment with oral Ronecard. This information should be considered when transitioning from intravenous to oral Ronecard. Cholestyramine reduces enterohepatic circulation of Ronecard thereby increasing its elimination. This results in reduced Ronecard serum levels and half-life.

Effects Of Ronecard On Other Medicinal Products

Ronecard inhibits P-glycoprotein and certain CYP450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A. This inhibition can result in unexpectedly high plasma levels of other drugs which are metabolized by those CYP450 enzymes or are substrates of P-glycoprotein. Reported examples of this interaction include the following:

Cyclosporine (CYP3A substrate) administered in combination with oral Ronecard has been reported to produce persistently elevated plasma concentrations of cyclosporine resulting in elevated creatinine, despite reduction in dose of cyclosporine. Monitor cyclosporine drug levels and renal function in patients taking both drugs.

HMG-Co A Reductase Inhibitors

The use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are CYP3A substrates in combination with Ronecard has been associated with reports of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on Ronecard to 20 mg daily. Limit the daily dose of lovastatin to 40 mg. Lower starting and maintenance doses of other CYP3A substrates (e.g., atorvastatin) may be required as Ronecard may increase the plasma concentration of these drugs.

Digoxin

In patients receiving digoxin therapy, administration of oral Ronecard results in an increase in the serum digoxin concentration. Ronecard taken concomitantly with digoxin increases the serum digoxin concentration by 70% after one day. On initiation of oral Ronecard, the need for digitalis therapy should be reviewed and the dose reduced by approximately 50% or discontinued. If digitalis treatment is continued, serum levels should be closely monitored and patients observed for clinical evidence of toxicity.

Antiarrhythmics

The metabolism of quinidine, procainamide, flecainide can be inhibited by Ronecard. Ronecard taken concomitantly with quinidine increases quinidine serum concentration by 33% after two days. Ronecard taken concomitantly with procainamide for less than seven days increases plasma concentrations of procainamide and n-acetyl procainamide by 55% and 33%, respectively. In general, any added antiarrhythmic drug should be initiated at a lower than usual dose with careful monitoring.

Combination of Ronecard with other antiarrhythmic therapy should be reserved for patients with lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias who are incompletely responsive to a single agent or incompletely responsive to Ronecard. During transition to Ronecard the dose levels of previously administered agents should be reduced by 30 to 50% several days after the addition of Ronecard, when arrhythmia suppression should be beginning. The continued need for the other antiarrhythmic agent should be reviewed after the effects of Ronecard have been established, and discontinuation ordinarily should be attempted. If the treatment is continued, these patients should be particularly carefully monitored for adverse effects, especially conduction disturbances and exacerbation of tachyarrhythmias, as Ronecard is continued. In Ronecard-treated patients who require additional antiarrhythmic therapy, the initial dose of such agents should be approximately half of the usual recommended dose.

Metabolism of lidocaine (CYP3A substrate) can be inhibited by Ronecard resulting in increased lidocaine concentrations. Sinus bradycardia and seizure has been reported in patients receiving concomitant lidocaine and Ronecard.

Anticoagulants

Potentiation of warfarin-type (CYP2C9 and CYP3A substrate) anticoagulant response is almost always seen in patients receiving Ronecard and can result in serious or fatal bleeding. Since the concomitant administration of warfarin with Ronecard increases the prothrombin time by 100% after 3 to 4 days, the dose of the anticoagulant should be reduced by one-third to one-half, and prothrombin times should be monitored closely.

A potential interaction between clopidogrel and Ronecard resulting in ineffective inhibition of platelet aggregation has been reported.

Dabigatran etexilate when taken concomitantly with Ronecard may result in elevated serum concentration of dabigatran.

Fentanyl (CYP3A substrate) in combination with Ronecard may cause hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output.

Increased steady-state levels of phenytoin during concomitant therapy with Ronecard have been reported. Monitor phenytoin levels in patients taking both drugs.

Dextromethorphan is a substrate for both CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Ronecard inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Chronic ( > 2 weeks) Ronecard treatment impairs metabolism of dextromethorphan leading to increased serum concentration.

Ronecard side effects

See also:
What are the possible side effects of Ronecard?

Eyes: Microdeposits at the anterior surface of the cornea are found in almost every patient, are usually limited to the area below the pupil and may occasionally lead to visual disturbances (blurring of vision, visual haloes). They usually regress 6-12 months after discontinuation of Ronecard.

Some cases of optic neuritis-which caused permanent blindness in isolated cases - have been reported.

During treatment with Ronecard, regular ophthalmic examinations (including funduscopy and examinations by means of a slit-lamp) are therefore indicated.

Skin: Occasionally, photosensitization with increased tendency to sunburns may occur, which can lead to erythema and rash.

During longer-term treatment, especially body areas exposed to sunlight may become hyperpigmentated with black-violet to slate-grey discoloration of the skin (pseudocyanosis).

The discoloration slowly recedes within 1-4 years after discontinuing the preparation.

Cases of erythematous development on radiation therapy have been reported. Cases of erythema nodosum and rarely specific exanthemas including rare cases of exfoliative dermatitis have been reported.

Thyroid Gland: Ronecard inhibits the transformation of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) and may lead to increased T4 values as well as to decreased T3 values in clinically inconspicuous (erythroid) patients.

Occasionally, thyroid dysfunctions (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) occur.

The Following Conditions May Point to Thyroid Dysfunction: In Hypothyroidism: Weight gain, exhaustion, extreme bradycardia, exceeding effect expected on Ronecard. In Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, nervousness, increases diaphoresis and heat intolerance, recurrence of arrhythmias or angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency.

Severe hyperthyroidism, in isolated cases leading to death, has been described.

Lung: As a result of the pulmonary toxicity of Ronecard, atypical pneumonia as symptom of a hypersensitivity reaction (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), alveolar or interstitial pneumonitis or fibroses, pleuritis, bronchiolitis obliterans with pneumonia/BOOP may occur.

Non-productive cough and dyspnea are often the first signs of the pulmonary alterations that subside. Furthermore, weight loss, fever, asthenia may occur.

If Ronecard is discontinued in good time, the previously mentioned pulmonary alterations subside. Isolated cases with lethal course have been reported.

Mostly after surgical procedures, several cases of shock lung (ARDS), which were fatal in isolated cases, occurred.

Gastrointestinal Tract/Liver: Nausea and vomiting frequently occur. Occasionally, abdominal pain sensation of repletion, constipation and anorexia occur.

Occasionally, isolated increases in serum transaminases occur, which are usually not very pronounced.

Rare cases of acute hepatitis (in isolated cases leading to death), cholestatic icterus or hepatocirrhosis have been described.

In cases of persistent clinically relevant increases in liver enzymes, cholestatic icterus or hepatomegalia, discontinuation of Ronecard should be taken into consideration.

Heart: As a result of the pharmacological effect of Ronecard, sinus bradycardia - which may be pronounced in elderly patients or in cases of disturbed sinus node function - or, in exceptional cases, sinus node arrest may occur. The ECG shows the following alterations: QT prolongation, occurrence of a U-wave, prolongation or deformation of the T-wave.

Therapy must be withdrawn if pronounced bradycardia or sinus node arrest occurs.

In rare cases, conduction disturbances occurs (SA block, AV block); in isolated cases, the occurrence of asystole has been observed.

Pro-arrhythmic effects in the form of alterations or aggravations of arrhythmias have been observed, which can lead to highly impaired cardiac activity with the possible consequence of cardiac arrest.

Isolated cases of Torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation/flutter have been described.

Other Adverse Effects: Occasionally, fatigue, headache, dyssomnia, nightmares, vertigo, diminished libido, myasthenia, tremor, impaired coordination paraesthesia, peripheral neuropathy or ataxia occur. Rarely, dysgeusia as well as reversible alopecia occur.

Rarely, hypersensitivity reactions as well as vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, transiently impaired renal function and epididymitis may occur.

Isolated cases of hemolytic or aplastic anemia as well as intracranial increase in pressure (cerebral-pseudo-tumor) have been reported.

Isolated cases of a syndrome of inappropriate (increased) secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) with hyponatremia have been described in connection with Ronecard.

Ronecard contraindications

See also:
What is the most important information I should know about Ronecard?

Hypersensitivity to Ronecard HCl or to any of the excipients of Ronecard.

Sinus bradycardia (<55 pulse bpm) and sinoatrial heart block.

All forms of delayed conduction (sino-auricular and nodal conduction delay) including sick sinus syndrome or sinus node disease (except when Ronecard is used in conjunction with a pacemaker), AV-blocks of 2nd and 3rd degrees as well as bi-fascicular and tri-fascicular blocks if no pacemaker is used. In such circumstances, Ronecard IV may be used in a special care unit and institute electrosystolic pacing.

Concomitant treatment with medicinal products inducing torsades de pointes.

Tablet: Preexisting QT prolongation; hypokalemia.

Concomitant treatment with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.

Concurrent use of simvastatin at a daily dose >20 mg.

Injection: Evidence or history of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid function tests should be performed in all patients prior to Ronecard therapy.

Circulatory collapse, severe arterial hypotension.

Use in pregnancy & lactation: Pregnancy Category D: Ronecard is contraindicated during pregnancy because there have been reports of neonatal hypo- or hyperthyroidism from Ronecard use.

Ronecard is excreted in breastmilk in significant quantities and is therefore contraindiated in breastfeeding.



Active ingredient matches for Ronecard:

Amiodarone in Egypt.


List of Ronecard substitutes (brand and generic names)

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Unit description / dosage (Manufacturer)Price, USD
Rythma 200 mg x 30's (Therapharma)$ 20.95
Rythma inj 50 mg/mL 3 mL x 6 x 1's (Therapharma)$ 34.35
Rythma tab 200 mg 30's (Therapharma)$ 30.97
Sandoz Amiodarone tablet 200 mg (Sandoz Canada Incorporated (Canada))
Injectable; Subcutaneous; Amiodarone Hydrochloride 150 mg (Sandoz)
Injectable; Subcutaneous; Amiodarone Hydrochloride 50 mg / ml (Sandoz)
Tablet; Oral; Amiodarone Hydrochloride 200 mg (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 200 mg x 20 Tablet (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 200 mg x 50 Tablet (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 200 mg x 5 tube (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 200 mg x 5 x 10's (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 150 mg/3 mL x 3 mL x 5's (Sandoz)
Sedacoron 150 mg/3 mL x 5's (Sandoz)
Sedacoron inj 150 mg/3 mL 5's (Sandoz)
Sedacoron tab 200 mg 50's (Sandoz)
Tablet; Oral; Amiodarone Hydrochloride (Awd)
Tachyra 100mg TAB / 10 (Cipla Limited)$ 0.54
Tachyra 200mg TAB / 10 (Cipla Limited)$ 0.93
100 mg x 10's (Cipla Limited)$ 0.54
200 mg x 10's (Cipla Limited)$ 0.93
50 mg x 1 mL x 3ml (Cipla Limited)
Tachyra 100 mg Tablet (Cipla Limited)$ 0.06
Tachyra 200 mg Tablet (Cipla Limited)$ 0.10
Tachyra 50mg x 1mL AMP / 3ml (Cipla Limited)
TACHYRA 100 MG TABLET 1 strip / 10 tablets each (Cipla Limited)$ 0.62
TACHYRA 150 MG INJECTION 1 vial / 3 ML injection each (Cipla Limited)$ 0.84
TACHYRA 200 MG TABLET 1 strip / 10 tablets each (Cipla Limited)$ 1.07
TACHYRA tab 100 mg x 10's (Cipla Limited)$ 0.58
TACHYRA tab 200 mg x 10's (Cipla Limited)$ 1.00
TACHYRA inj 50 mg x 1 mL x 3ml (Cipla Limited)$ 0.78
Tachyra 100mg Tablet (Cipla Limited)$ 0.06
Tachyra 150mg Injection (Cipla Limited)$ 0.28
Tachyra 200mg Tablet (Cipla Limited)$ 0.11

References

  1. PubChem. "amiodarone". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/com... (accessed September 17, 2018).
  2. DrugBank. "amiodarone". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01118 (accessed September 17, 2018).
  3. MeSH. "Potassium Channel Blockers". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68... (accessed September 17, 2018).

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