The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Endogenous estrogens are largely responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions, Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) is the principal intracellular human estrogen and is substantially more potent than its metabolites, estrone and estriol, at the receptor level.
The primary source of estrogen in normally cycling adult women is the ovarian follicle, which secretes 70 to 500 mcg of Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) daily, depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. After menopause, most endogenous estrogen is produced by conversion of androstenedione, secreted by the adrenal cortex, to estrone in the peripheral tissues. Thus, estrone and the sulfate conjugated form, estrone sulfate, are the most abundant circulating estrogens in postmenopausal women.
Estrogens act through binding to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. To date, two estrogen receptors have been identified. These vary in proportion from tissue to tissue.
Circulating estrogens modulate the pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and FSH, through a negative feedback mechanism. Estrogens act to reduce the elevated levels of these hormones seen in postmenopausal women.
Endogenous Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) is secreted by the ovary, placenta, and adrenal gland. In the presence of adequate estrogen, Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium.
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) enhances cellular differentiation and generally opposes the actions of estrogens by decreasing estrogen receptor levels, increasing local metabolism of estrogens to less active metabolites, or inducing gene products that blunt cellular responses to estrogen. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) exerts its effects in target cells by binding to specific Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) receptors that interact with Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) response elements in target genes. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) receptors have been identified in the female reproductive tract, breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, and central nervous system.
How should I take Synovex C Calf Implants?
Take Synovex C Calf Implants only as directed by your doctor. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered.
Synovex C Calf Implants should come with a patient information leaflet. Read and follow these instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.
Take Synovex C Calf Implants with food.
Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice while you are using Synovex C Calf Implants. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice may change the amount of Synovex C Calf Implants that is absorbed in the body.
Dosing
The dose of Synovex C Calf Implants will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of Synovex C Calf Implants. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For oral dosage form (capsules):
For moderate to severe hot flashes:
Adults—One capsule once a day, in the evening. Each capsule contains 1 milligram (mg) Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) and 100 mg Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants).
Children—Use is not recommended.
Missed dose
If you miss a dose of Synovex C Calf Implants, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
If you miss a dose and it is more than 2 hours until your next dose, take the missed dose as soon as possible with food, then go back to your regular time.
If you miss a dose and it is within 2 hours of your next evening dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
Storage
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Synovex C Calf Implants administration
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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Oral: Administer in the evening with food. In case of missed dose, administer with food as soon as possible, unless it is ≤2 hours until the next dose.
Synovex C Calf Implants pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
Mechanism of Action
Endogenous estrogens are largely responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions, Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) is the principal intracellular human estrogen and is substantially more potent than its metabolites, estrone and estriol, at the receptor level.
The primary source of estrogen in normally cycling adult women is the ovarian follicle, which secretes 70 to 500 mcg of Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) daily, depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. After menopause, most endogenous estrogen is produced by conversion of androstenedione, secreted by the adrenal cortex, to estrone in the peripheral tissues. Thus, estrone and the sulfate conjugated form, estrone sulfate, are the most abundant circulating estrogens in postmenopausal women.
Estrogens act through binding to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. To date, two estrogen receptors have been identified. These vary in proportion from tissue to tissue.
Circulating estrogens modulate the pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and FSH, through a negative feedback mechanism. Estrogens act to reduce the elevated levels of these hormones seen in postmenopausal women.
Endogenous Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) is secreted by the ovary, placenta, and adrenal gland. In the presence of adequate estrogen, Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium.
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) enhances cellular differentiation and generally opposes the actions of estrogens by decreasing estrogen receptor levels, increasing local metabolism of estrogens to less active metabolites, or inducing gene products that blunt cellular responses to estrogen. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) exerts its effects in target cells by binding to specific Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) receptors that interact with Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) response elements in target genes. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) receptors have been identified in the female reproductive tract, breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, and central nervous system.
Pharmacodynamics
No specific pharmacodynamic studies were conducted with Synovex C Calf Implants (Synovex C Calf Implants) capsules, 1 mg/100 mg.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
The oral absorption of both Synovex C Calf Implants is subject to first pass metabolism. After multiple doses of Synovex C Calf Implants (Synovex C Calf Implants) capsules, 1 mg/100 mg, the tmax (the time at which the maximum concentration is attained) for Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) is approximately 5 hours and approximately 3 hours for Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Table 2, below). Steady state for both Synovex C Calf Implants components of Synovex C Calf Implants, as well as Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)'s main metabolite, estrone, is achieved within seven days.
Figure 1: Mean Steady-State Serum Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) Concentrations Following Daily
Oral Administration of 1 mg Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)/100 mg Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) (Baseline Unadjusted, at Day 7)
Figure 2: Mean Steady-State Serum Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) Concentrations Following Daily
Oral Administration of 1 mg Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)/100 mg Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) (Baseline Unadjusted, at Day 7)
Table 2: Mean (SD) Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Parameters after Administration of Capsules Containing 1 mg Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)/100 mg Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) in Healthy Postmenopausal Women (Baseline Unadjusted, at Day 7)
Dosage Strength (Synovex C Calf Implants)
Synovex C Calf Implants
1 mg/100 mg
Mean (SD)
*Effective t½. Calculated as 24•ln(2)/ ln(accumulation ratio/(accumulation ratio-1)) for subjects with accumulation ratio >1.
Abbreviations: AUC0-τ = area under the concentration vs time curve within the dosing interval at steady-state, Cavg = average concentration at steady-state, Cmax = maximum concentration, SD = standard deviation, tmax = time to maximum concentration, t½ = half-life
Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)
N
AUC0-τ (pg·h/mL)
20
772.4 (384.1)
Cmax (pg/mL)
20
42.27 (18.60)
Cavg (pg/mL)
19
33.99 (14.53)
tmax (h)
19
4.93(4.97)
t½ (h)*
19
26.47 (14.61)
Estrone
AUC0-τ (pg·h/mL)
20
4594 (2138)
Cmax (pg/mL)
20
238.5 (100.4)
Cavg (pg/mL)
20
192.1 (89.43)
tmax (h)
20
5.45 (3.47)
t½ (h)*
19
22.37 (7.64)
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants)
AUC0-τ (ng·h/mL)
20
18.05 (15.58)
Cmax (ng/mL)
20
11.31 (23.10)
Cavg (ng/mL)
20
0.76 (0.65)
tmax (h)
20
2.64 (1.51)
t½ (h)
18
9.98 (2.57)
Food Effect
Concomitant food ingestion increased the AUC and Cmax of the Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) component of Synovex C Calf Implants relative to a fasting state when administered at a dose of 100 mg. In a study where Synovex C Calf Implants was administered to postmenopausal women at a dose of 1 mg Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)/100 mg Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) within 30 minutes of starting a high-fat meal, the Cmax and AUC of Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) were 162% and 79% higher, respectively, relative to the fasting state. Concomitant food ingestion had no effect on the AUC of the Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) component of Synovex C Calf Implants but decreased Cmax by approximately 54% and delayed Tmax to 12 hours.
Distribution
Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)
The distribution of exogenous estrogens is similar to that of endogenous estrogens. Estrogens are widely distributed in the body and are generally found in higher concentrations in the sex hormone target organs. Estrogens circulating in the blood largely are bound to SHBG and albumin.
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants)
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) is approximately 96% to 99% bound to serum proteins, primarily to serum albumin (50% to 54%) and transcortin (43% to 48%).
Elimination
Following repeat dosing with Synovex C Calf Implants (Synovex C Calf Implants) capsules, 1 mg/100 mg, the half-life of Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) was approximately 26 hours. The half-life of Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants), following repeat dosing was approximately 10 hours.
Metabolism
Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)
Exogenous estrogens are metabolized in the same manner as endogenous estrogens. Circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions. These transformations take place mainly in the liver. Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants) is converted reversibly to estrone, and both can be converted to estriol, the major urinary metabolite. Estrogens also undergo enterohepatic recirculation via sulfate and glucuronide conjugation in the liver, biliary secretion of conjugates into the intestine, and hydrolysis in the gut followed by reabsorption. In postmenopausal women, a significant portion of the circulating estrogens exist as sulfate conjugates, especially estrone sulfate, which serves as a circulating reservoir for the formation of more active estrogens.
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants)
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) is metabolized primarily by the liver largely to pregnanediols and pregnanolones. Pregnanediols and pregnanolones are conjugated in the liver to glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) metabolites, which are excreted in the bile, may be deconjugated and may be further metabolized in the intestine via reduction, dehydroxylation, and epimerization.
Excretion
Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants)
Estradiol (Synovex C Calf Implants), estrone, and estriol are excreted in the urine along with glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.
Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants)
The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of pregnanediol and pregnanolone are excreted in the bile and urine. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) metabolites are eliminated mainly by the kidneys. Progesterone (Synovex C Calf Implants) metabolites which are excreted in the bile may undergo enterohepatic recycling or may be excreted in the feces.
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References
DailyMed. "PROGESTERONE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
DailyMed. "ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Therapeutic Progesterone: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
Reviews
The results of a survey conducted on ndrugs.com for Synovex C Calf Implants are given in detail below. The results of the survey conducted are based on the impressions and views of the website users and consumers taking Synovex C Calf Implants. We implore you to kindly base your medical condition or therapeutic choices on the result or test conducted by a physician or licensed medical practitioners.
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Information checked by Dr. Sachin Kumar, MD Pharmacology
