Actions of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex in details
The action of the drug on the human body is called Pharmacodynamics in Medical terminology. To produce its effect and to change the pathological process that is happening the body and to reduce the symptom or cure the disease, the medicine has to function in a specific way. The changes it does to the body at cellular level gives the desired result of treating a disease. Drugs act by stimulating or inhibiting a receptor or an enzyme or a protein most of the times. Medications are produced in such a way that the ingredients target the specific site and bring about chemical changes in the body that can stop or reverse the chemical reaction which is causing the disease.
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Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex has two distinct actions in the airways of patients with reversible obstruction; smooth muscle relaxation (i.e., bronchodilation) and suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli (i.e., non-bronchodilator prophylactic effects). While the mechanisms of action of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex are not known with certainty, studies in animals suggest that bronchodilatation is mediated by the inhibition of two isozymes of phosphodiesterase (PDE III and, to a lesser extent, PDE IV) while non-bronchodilator prophylactic actions are probably mediated through one or more different molecular mechanisms, that do not involve inhibition of PDE III or antagonism of adenosine receptors. Some of the adverse effects associated with Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex appear to be mediated by inhibition of PDE III (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and emesis) and adenosine receptor antagonism (e.g., alterations in cerebral blood flow).
Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex increases the force of contraction of diaphragmatic muscles. This action appears to be due to enhancement of calcium uptake through an adenosine-mediated channel.
How should I take Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex?
Follow the directions on your prescription label. Do not take Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results.
Do not use Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex to treat an asthma or bronchospasm attack. Use only a fast acting inhalation medication.
Your dose and the number of times you take Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex daily will depend on the reason you are taking this medication.
Your dosage needs may change if you are ill, or if your doctor changes your brand, strength, or type of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex. You will need regular medical tests to be sure you are using the right dose. Do not change your medication dose or schedule without your doctor's advice.
Take this medicine with a full glass of water.
Follow your doctor's instructions about whether to take your medication with food or on an empty stomach. Take the medication the same way every time.
Do not crush, chew, break, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule. Swallow it whole. Breaking or opening the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.
Measure liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
This medication can affect the results of certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex.
Do not start or stop smoking without first talking to your doctor. Smoking changes the way your body uses Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex, and you may need to use a different dose.
Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.
Administration of drug is important to know because the drug absorption and action varies depending on the route and time of administration of the drug. A medicine is prescribed before meals or after meals or along with meals. The specific timing of the drug intake about food is to increase its absorption and thus its efficacy. Few work well when taken in empty stomach and few medications need to be taken 1 or 2 hrs after the meal. A drug can be in the form of a tablet, a capsule which is the oral route of administration and the same can be in IV form which is used in specific cases. Other forms of drug administration can be a suppository in anal route or an inhalation route.
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IV: Administer loading dose over 30 minutes; follow with a continuous infusion as appropriate. For patients with cor pulmonale, cardiac decompensation, hepatic impairment, the elderly, or patients taking drugs that reduce Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex clearance, the maximum infusion rate should not exceed 17 mg/hour unless patient continues to be symptomatic, steady-state serum concentration is <10 mcg/mL, and serum concentrations can be monitored at 24-hour intervals. Do not administer solutions containing dextrose simultaneously through the same administration set as blood, as this may result in pseudoagglutination or hemolysis.
Oral: Extended release: Administer consistently with or without food (to maintain a consistent drug level); do not chew or crush tablets; may split tablet if scored. An intact matrix tablet may pass in stool.
12-hour formulation: May be administered as once daily dosing in non-smokers (with appropriate total body clearance) and patients with low dosage requirements; consider only after titrated to therapeutic levels. Base once-daily dosing on the twice daily dosing and initiate at the end of the last every 12-hour dosing interval. Once-daily dosing should not be administered at night (after the evening meal).
24-hour formulation: Administer each morning at approximately the same time; avoid administration at night (after the evening meal). Patients who require a high dose (ie, ≥900 mg or 13 mg/kg, whichever is less), should take medication less than 1 hour before a high-fat meal (significant increase in peak serum level and absorption may occur). Patients should consistently take Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex with food or in fasting state. Twice-daily dosing may be considered in patients who metabolize Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex rapidly (eg, younger patients, smokers, and some nonsmoking adults) and who have symptoms at the end of a dosing interval; administer one dose in the morning and the second dose 10 to 12 hours later (but before the evening meal); avoid administration at night (after the evening meal).
Bariatric surgery: Capsule and tablet, extended release: Some institutions may have specific protocols that conflict with these recommendations; refer to institutional protocols as appropriate. ER capsule and tablet should be swallowed. Do not crush or chew. IR oral solution, oral elixir, and injectable formulations are available. If safety and efficacy can be effectively monitored, no change in formulation or administration is required after bariatric surgery; however, if swallowing is an issue after surgery, capsule formulations may be opened and sprinkled on soft foods.
Pharmacokinetics of a drug can be defined as what body does to the drug after it is taken. The therapeutic result of the medicine depends upon the Pharmacokinetics of the drug. It deals with the time taken for the drug to be absorbed, metabolized, the process and chemical reactions involved in metabolism and about the excretion of the drug. All these factors are essential to deciding on the efficacy of the drug. Based on these pharmacokinetic principles, the ingredients, the Pharmaceutical company decides dose and route of administration. The concentration of the drug at the site of action which is proportional to therapeutic result inside the body depends on various pharmacokinetic reactions that occur in the body.
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Mechanism of Action
Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex has two distinct actions in the airways of patients with reversible obstruction; smooth muscle relaxation (i.e., bronchodilation) and suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli (i.e., non-bronchodilator prophylactic effects). While the mechanisms of action of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex are not known with certainty, studies in animals suggest that bronchodilation is mediated by the inhibition of two isozymes of phosphodiesterase (PDE III and, to a lesser extent, PDE IV) while non-bronchodilator prophylactic actions are probably mediated through one or more different molecular mechanisms, that do not involve inhibition of PDE III or antagonism of adenosine receptors. Some of the adverse effects associated with Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex appear to be mediated by inhibition of PDE III (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and emesis) and adenosine receptor antagonism (e.g., alterations in cerebral blood flow).
Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex increases the force of contraction of diaphragmatic muscles. This action appears to be due to enhancement of calcium uptake through an adenosine-mediated channel.
Serum Concentration-Effect Relationship
Bronchodilation occurs over the serum Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex concentration range of 5-20 mcg/mL. Clinically important improvement in symptom control and pulmonary function has been found in most studies to require serum Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex concentrations > 10 mcg/ mL. At serum Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex concentrations > 20 mcg/mL, both the frequency and severity of adverse reactions increase. In general, maintaining the average serum Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex concentration between 10 and 15 mcg/mL will achieve most of the drug's potential therapeutic benefit while minimizing the risk of serious adverse events.
Pharmacokinetics
Overview
The pharmacokinetics of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex vary widely among similar patients and cannot be predicted by age, sex, body weight or other demographic characteristics. In addition, certain concurrent illnesses and alterations in normal physiology and co-administration of other drugs can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex. Within-subject variability in metabolism has also been reported in some studies, especially in acutely ill patients. It is, therefore, recommended that serum Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex concentrations be measured frequently in acutely ill patients receiving intravenous Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex (e.g., at 24-hr intervals). More frequent measurements should be made during the initiation of therapy and in the presence of any condition that may significantly alter Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex clearance.
Table II : Mean and range of total body clearance and half-life of Theophylline 5% Dextrose Injection Viaflex related to age and altered physiological states.
Population characteristics
Total body clearance† mean (range)‡
(mL/kg/min)
Half-life mean (range)‡
(hr)
Age
Premature neonates
postnatal age 3-15 days
0.29 (0.09-0.49)
30 (17-43)
postnatal age 25-57 days
0.64 (0.04-1.2)
20 (9.4 -30.6)
Term infants
postnatal age 1-2 days
NR§
25.7 (25-26.5)
postnatal age 3-30 weeks
NR§
11 (6-29)
Children
1-4 years
1.7 (0.5-2.9)
3.4 (1.2-5.6)
4-12 years
1.6 (0.8-2.4)
NR
References
DailyMed. "THEOPHYLLINE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme... (accessed September 17, 2018).
NCIt. "Theophylline: NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides reference terminology for many systems. It covers vocabulary for clinical care, translational and basic research, and public information and administrative activities.". https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser... (accessed September 17, 2018).
EPA DSStox. "Theophylline: DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.". https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ds... (accessed September 17, 2018).
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